Clinical immunology : the official journal of the Clinical Immunology Society
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The live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a elicits predominantly CD8+, as well as CD4+ T cells mediated immune responses. Clinical field studies showed that Ty21a is moderately effective against S. Typhi and S. ⋯ Typhi and S. Paratyphi B, but not to S. Paratyphi A.
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Phosphorylcholine (PC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) are generated during lipid peroxidation and form adducts with proteins as albumin as studied herein. Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We here investigate the role and regulation of IgM antibodies against PC (anti-PC) and MDA (anti-MDA). ⋯ Unexpectedly, both IgM anti-MDA and IgM anti-PC are T-cell dependent and especially together, are strong protection markers for atherosclerosis in SLE. Underlying mechanisms include increased phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and decrease of oxidative stress.
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Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) show therapeutic effects on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Deficiency in functional polarization and phagocytosis in macrophages has been suggested in the pathogenesis of SLE. We found that macrophages from B6. ⋯ Importantly, macrophages from SLE patients also showed lower expression of CD206 and reduced phagocytic activity, which were corrected by being co-cultured with UCMSCs in vitro and in SLE patients receiving UCMSC transplantation. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that IL-6 was required for the up-regulation of CD206 expression and phagocytic activity of UCMSC-treated SLE macrophages. Our results indicate that UCMSCs alleviate SLE through promoting CD206 expression and phagocytic activity of macrophages in an IL-6 dependent manner.
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Rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis are systemic inflammatory conditions characterized by a chronic form of arthritis, often leading to irreversible joint damage. Early treatment for patients with rheumatic diseases is required to reduce or prevent joint injury. ⋯ Biomarkers are therefore required to enable earlier diagnosis and predict prognosis in both rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. In this review we will examine the evidence and current status of established and experimental biomarkers in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis for three important purposes; disease diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of response to therapy.
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The increase in allergic diseases over the past several decades is correlated with changes in the composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota. Microbial-derived signals are critical for instructing the developing immune system and conversely, immune regulation can impact the microbiota. ⋯ This review highlights recent studies investigating the role of the microbiome in susceptibility or development of allergic diseases with a focus on animal models that provide insight into the mechanisms and pathways involved. Identification of a causal link between reduced microbial diversity or altered microbial composition and increased susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases will hopefully pave the way for better preventive therapies.