Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience
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Front Behav Neurosci · Jan 2019
The After-Effects of Theta Burst Stimulation Over the Cortex of the Suprahyoid Muscle on Regional Homogeneity in Healthy Subjects.
Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a powerful variant of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), making it potentially useful for the treatment of swallowing disorders. However, how dose TBS modulate human swallowing cortical excitability remains unclear. Here, we aim to measure the after-effects of spontaneous brain activity at resting-state using the regional homogeneity (ReHo) approach in healthy subjects who underwent different TBS protocols over the suprahyoid muscle cortex. ⋯ Increased ReHo was shown in right medial superior frontal gyrus and decreased ReHo in right cuneus (cTBS/iTBS vs. iTBS). Our findings indicate cTBS had no significant influence on ReHo in the primary sensorimotor cortex, iTBS facilitates an increased ReHo in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex and a decreased ReHo in multiple subcortical areas, and no reverse effect exhibits when iTBS followed the contralateral cTBS over the suprahyoid motor cortex. The results provide a novel insight into the neural mechanisms of TBS on swallowing cortex.
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Front Behav Neurosci · Jan 2019
Avoidance Behavioral Difference in Acquisition and Extinction of Pain-Related Fear.
Fear of movement-related pain leads to two types of avoidance behavior: excessive avoidance and pain-inhibited movement. Excessive avoidance is an absence of movement by fear, and pain-inhibited movements involve a change in motor behavior for the purpose of protecting the painful part. Here, we sought to clarify the acquisition process and adaptation of fear for each avoidance behavior. ⋯ In addition, the excessive avoidance group showed high harm avoidance and high trait anxiety. This study demonstrated that differences in pain-related avoidance behaviors are affected by psychological traits. Pain-related excessive avoidance behavior indicated a maladaptive fear, but pain-inhibited movement did not.
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Front Behav Neurosci · Jan 2019
Time-Frequency Delta Activity to Social Feedback Demonstrates Differential Associations With Depression and Social Anxiety Symptoms.
Social feedback is highly salient and particularly relevant when investigating the pathophysiology of depression and social anxiety. A bourgeoning body of research has demonstrated an association between reward-related delta activity and psychopathology. However, a critical limitation is that these findings are derived from neural responses to monetary feedback, and time-frequency representation of social feedback remains unexplored. ⋯ Finally, greater theta activity to monetary feedback was associated with greater depressive symptoms. The present study provides novel evidence demonstrating unique social vs. monetary feedback-related delta and theta activity, and differential associations between delta activity with depression and social anxiety symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of investigating feedback-related neural responses in the social domain.
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From the beginning of their psychotherapy training, students need to think about how talking changes the brain, how development is encoded in the body, and how connecting neuroscience and psychotherapy can help us improve psychosocial interventions to optimally help patients. But teaching neuroscience doesn't come naturally to many psychotherapy educators-myself included. We were trained as clinicians, not as researchers, so for many of us, reading and searching the neuroscience literature is challenging. ⋯ To that end, I offer five papers that I use when I teach psychotherapy. They are all written by top researchers and published in the nation's premiere scientific journals. Each one provides interesting potential insights into a different aspect of psychotherapy.
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Front Behav Neurosci · Jan 2018
Investigating Stimulation Protocols for Language Mapping by Repetitive Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.
Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) is increasingly applied to map human language functions. However, studies on protocol comparisons are mostly lacking. In this study, 20 healthy volunteers (25.7 ± 3.8 years, 12 females) underwent left-hemispheric language mapping by nTMS, combined with an object-naming task, over a cortical spot with reproducible naming errors within the triangular or opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (trIFG, opIFG: anterior stimulation) and the angular gyrus or posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (anG, pSTG: posterior stimulation), respectively. ⋯ Errors due to facial muscle stimulation only played a considerable role during analyses of high-intensity (120% rMT) or high-frequency stimulation (20 Hz). In conclusion, this is one of the first studies to systematically investigate different stimulation protocols for nTMS language mapping, including detailed analyses of the distribution of ERs in relation to various coil orientations considered during neuronavigated stimulation. Mapping with 100% rMT, combined with 5 Hz (anterior stimulation) or 10 Hz (posterior stimulation) and a coil orientation perpendicular to the respective stimulated gyrus can be recommended as optimal adjustments.