Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society
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Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. · Jan 2005
Randomized Controlled TrialAnalgesic efficacy of tramadol by route of administration in a clinical model of pain.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy produced by tramadol given by two different routes of administration in patients experiencing pain after removal of an impacted mandibular third molar under local anesthesia. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Patients were assigned into four groups of treatment, twelve subjects per group: Group A, tramadol 50 mg IM one hr before surgery; group B, tramadol 50 mg into the surgical site; group C, tramadol by both routes of administration, 50 mg IM one hr before surgery plus 50 mg into the surgical site; and group D, control. ⋯ However, only in the route combination group was a significant reduction in the requirement of acetaminophen observed. Nine patients requiring additional medication were treated with ketorolac 30 mg injected intramuscularly; 2 in the systemic group, 2 in the local group, 4 in the control group and only 1 in the combination group. Adverse events were minimal and similar in all groups.
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Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. · Jan 2005
Nephropathy in critically Ill patients without preexisting renal disease.
Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) remains a common complication of radiographic procedures. Isovue (lopamidol) is a low-osmolality nonionic monomeric tri-iodinated water soluble agent widely used as a contrast medium in radiographic procedures for intravascular, intrathecal, and body cavity administration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lopamidol on renal function in patients without any preexisting renal condition who were undergoing radiographic imaging with the iodine contrast. ⋯ In 18% of the patients, creatinine was elevated more than 25% from the baseline. This level of creatinine elevation indicated a significant decrease in glomerular filtration, and thus fulfilled the criteria for contrast-induced nephropathy. Our data demonstrates that iodine contrast media for CT in ICU patients without preexisting kidney disease can precipitate clearly measurable nephropathic changes.
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Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. · Jan 2005
Pinacidil increases diclofenac antinociception in the formalin test.
Evidence suggests that the ATP-sensitive K+ channels are important in the peripheral antinociceptive effect of diclofenac. Combinations of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with other different drugs are currently used in clinical practice to increase the analgesic efficacy and to reduce adverse events. We evaluated the effect of the combination of diclofenac and the activator of K+ channels pinacidil in the formalin test. ⋯ The local co-administration of pinacidil and diclofenac produced a significant reduction in the number of flinches during phase 2, but not during phase 1 of the test compared to the effect of either drug alone. In conclusion, the combination of individually ineffective doses of diclofenac and pinacidil produce an antinociceptive effect in the formalin test. In addition, pinacidil increased the action of diclofenac, probably through the activation of K+ channels.