Archivos de cardiología de México
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Comparative Study
[Operating room extubation (ultra fast-track anesthesia) in patients undergoing on-pump and off-pump cardiac surgery].
The potential benefit of immediate operating room extubation after cardiac surgery remains controversial. Since safety and effectiveness of ultra fast-track anesthesia is mandatory, we developed this work to identify preoperative and operative variables associated to failed extubation after on-pump and off-pump cardiac surgery. ⋯ Preoperative and operative factors associated to failed extubation could be used as guidelines to improve safety in ultra fast-track cardiac anesthesia. Especially, patients undergoing on-pump surgery with antecedents of heart failure or difficult cardiopulmonary by-pass weaning should not be extubated in the operating room. In the same way, immediate extubation should be avoided in obese patients with hemodynamic compromise during off-pump coronary surgery.
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Stent implantation was developed to overcome the acute recoil and high restenosis rate of balloon angioplasty, but resulted in the development of chronic in-stent restenosis related to specific factors regarding patient, stent, lesion and procedural characteristics. Some factors are not modifiable, such as patient and lesion characteristics, whereas procedural characteristics may be improved by better implantation technique and stent design. Drug-eluting stents are a novel approach in stent technology and design with local drug delivery to inhibit intimal thickening by interfering with different pathways involved in the development of inflammation, migration, proliferation and/or secretion of the extracellular matrix. ⋯ Currently, alterations on stent-backbone design (biodegradable, bioabsorbable, nanoporous etc.) are being explored. Clearly, the anti-proliferative compounds sirolimus and paclitaxel have dominated up to date clinical practice, whereas their analogues are readily emerging. In the future, however, it is likely that drugs, currently under investigation, will address additional mechanisms associated with neointimal formation leading to restenosis, either as single agents or in combination with anti-proliferative compounds.
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Bleeding occur frequently in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Although unexpected bleeding after this surgery is common, reducing this bleeding is a desirable clinical goal, because such bleeding is associated with adverse outcomes. Bleeding during and after cardiac operations and the hemodilution effects of cardiopulmonary bypass commonly result in blood transfusions. ⋯ If transfusions were completely safe, differing thresholds would not matter. However, the adverse reactions associated with transfusions are: febrile reactions, hemolytic and infectious complications may occur. Most recently, blood transfusions have been linked to postoperative wound infections, pneumonia, renal dysfunction, severe sepsis, hospital mortality and increased 5-year mortality.
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Hemodynamic monitoring has been used extensively during the last decades for risk stratification and guiding treatment of patients with cardiovascular destabilization, especially in the scenario of acute heart failure and cardiac shock. Every cardiac pump has its own maximum performance, which denotes its pumping capability. The heart is a muscular mechanical pump with an ability to generate both flow (cardiac output) and pressure. ⋯ Others investigators observed cutoff for increased mortality of CP < 1 W, data that were obtained at doses of maximal pharmacologic support yielding the individual maximal CP. In our experience, the cutoff value for CP that accurately predicts in-hospital mortality for cardiogenic shock patients is 0.7 W, but its impact on short-term prognosis is clearer if the patient achieves a CP equal or higher than 1 W after an optimal myocardial revascularization with interventional cardiac procedures. According to the data collected from the literature, CP deserves a place in the evaluation of the patient with cardiogenic shock due to an acute myocardial infarction, but a more profound analysis of this parameter an further evaluation are required in order to better understand its prognostic meaning in this acute cardiac syndrome.
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Risk factors for prolonged mechanical ventilation after surgical repair of congenital heart disease.
The purpose of this study was to determine factors contributing to prolonged mechanical ventilation in children following surgery for congenital heart defects. ⋯ Patients ages of < 1 year old, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac failure were significant risk factors for prolonged respiratory support.