Pain medicine : the official journal of the American Academy of Pain Medicine
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Although previous research suggests women report more severe pain than men, evidence for sex-related differences in pain-related disability is conflicting. Also, the impact of psychological factors on sex differences in disability is uncertain. ⋯ Women report greater pain-related disability than do men, even after controlling for depression, anxiety, and other psychological factors. Pain management strategies that target functional disability may be particularly important in the treatment of women with pain.
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This is a structured evidence-based review of all available studies on the relationship between chronic pain and sleep problems as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) category of sleep disorder due to a general medical condition. ⋯ The results of this evidence-based structured review indicate that for the pain-sleep studies defined by the DSM-IV category of sleep disorder due to a general medical condition,chronic pain may be etiologically related to that sleep problem. However, these results do not preclude this relationship from being bidirectional.
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To determine the out-of-pocket prices of common opioid analgesics by medication, drug coverage, region, and year. ⋯ Independent of the diagnosis, patients' out-of-pocket price for prescribed analgesics fluctuated freely in the United States across time, region, and coverage status. These fluctuations potentially distort the delivery of effective pain management and further burden an already afflicted population.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Cognitive-affective and somatic side effects of morphine and pentazocine: side-effect profiles in healthy adults.
The side effects of opioids have been widely investigated, but it is unknown whether the subjective effects of mu agonists and mixed action opioids produce similar symptom profiles. This study examined the structure and predictive validity of somatic and cognitive/affective side-effect profiles of morphine and pentazocine using the Somatic Side Effects Questionnaire and the Cognitive and Affective Side Effects Questionnaire. ⋯ These findings have implications for decisions regarding opioid management of acute, chronic, and malignant pain conditions.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study
Durability of therapeutic response to milnacipran treatment for fibromyalgia. Results of a randomized, double-blind, monotherapy 6-month extension study.
To evaluate the durability of improvement and long-term efficacy of milnacipran treatment in fibromyalgia, to assess efficacy in patients re-randomized from placebo to milnacipran, and to collect additional information on the tolerability and efficacy of long-term treatment with milnacipran. ⋯ In addition to confirming that milnacipran safely and effectively improves the multiple symptoms of fibromyalgia, these data indicate that milnacipran provides 1-year durable efficacy in this patient population.