Pain medicine : the official journal of the American Academy of Pain Medicine
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Hyperexcitability of the central nervous system plays an important role in the development and maintenance of chronic pain in adults. This knowledge has led to improved treatment strategies within this population. In children, however, research on the presence of central hyperexcitability is scarce. To further investigate this topic in children with chronic pain, there is a need for a clear literature overview. ⋯ Based on the results of this review, central hyperexcitability might be present in in several pediatric chronic pain conditions. Further research on other manifestations of central hyperexcitability (e.g., bottom-up and top-down mechanisms and nociceptive brain changes) is necessary to provide firm evidence about its presence in children with chronic pain.
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Shared-care decision-making between patients and clinicians involves making trade-offs between desirable and undesirable consequences of management strategies. Although patient values and preferences should provide the basis for these trade-offs, few guidelines consider the relevant evidence when formulating recommendations. To inform a guideline for use of opioids in patients with chronic noncancer pain, we conducted a systematic review of studies exploring values and preferences of affected patients toward opioid therapy. ⋯ Our findings suggest that the adverse effects of opioids, especially nausea and vomiting, may reduce or eliminate any net benefit of opioid therapy unless pain relief is significant (>2 points on a 10-point scale). Further research should investigate patient values and preferences regarding opioid overdose, diversion, and death.