BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
The effect of local anaesthetic spray on the pain associated with local anaesthetic injection, prior to biopsy or loop diathermy to the cervix in the outpatient colposcopy clinic.
We evaluated the effectiveness of local anaesthetic spray prior to injection of local anaesthetic before biopsy or large loop excision of the transformation zone of the cervix at colposcopy. This was a prospective, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study involving 51 women. Pain or discomfort was measured using a four-point categorical scale and a visual analogue score. Our results show that the use of local anaesthetic spray has no effect on the pain or discomfort experienced by patients having local anaesthetic injections to the cervix, and cannot be recommended.
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To estimate the incidence of human parvovirus B19 among pregnant women before and during an epidemic, to elucidate possible sociodemographic and medical risk factors during pregnancy and to estimate the association between parvovirus B19 infection and negative pregnancy outcome. ⋯ Before and during an epidemic of acute B19 infection incidences were measured among pregnant women to be 1.0% and 13.5%, respectively. Three factors, significantly increasing the risk of acute B19, were identified as: having children at home; suffering from serious medical diseases; and having a stressful job. IgM positivity for parvovirus B19 was associated with negative outcome of pregnancy.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of transcervical intrauterine local anaesthesia in outpatient hysteroscopy.
To assess whether transcervical intrauterine instillation of local anaesthetic agent reduces pain during diagnostic outpatient hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy. ⋯ Transcervical instillation of local anaesthesia neither reduced pain nor prevented vaso-vagal reaction during hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy.
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To examine trends in incidence of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in term infants over a twenty-one year period. ⋯ This study shows that the incidence of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and its sequelae in term infants has fallen significantly. The use of cardiotocography and caesarean section rates have risen but the relative contributions of changes in clinical practice are uncertain.