Laboratory animals
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Intranasal midazolam in piglets: pharmacodynamics (0.2 vs 0.4 mg/kg) and pharmacokinetics (0.4 mg/kg) with bioavailability determination.
Intranasal midazolam was studied in two series of piglets: series 1, n = 20 (18 +/- 3 kg), a randomized double blind pharmacodynamic study to compare doses of 0.2 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg; series 2, n = 9 (42 +/- 8 kg), a pharmacokinetic study with a 0.4 mg/kg dose administered either intravenously (i.v.) or intranasally (i.n.) in a cross-over protocol with a one-week wash-out period between each. In series 1, midazolam caused significant anxiolysis and sedation within 3 to 4 min, without a significant difference between 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg doses for any of the studied parameters. ⋯ The terminal half-life (T1/2 lambda z) = 145 +/- 138 min was comparable with the i.v. administration half-life (158 +/- 127 min). In conclusion, optimal intranasal midazolam dose in piglets was 0.2 mg/kg, which procures rapid and reliable sedation, adapted to laboratory piglets.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Potency of propofol, thiopentone and ketamine at various endpoints in New Zealand White rabbits.
Effective plasma concentrations of propofol, thiopentone and ketamine were determined at different endpoints in a study with randomized, crossover design in nine New Zealand White rabbits. A continuous infusion was used (30 ml/h) with concentrations of 10 mg/ml for propofol, 25 mg/ml for thiopentone and 20 mg/ml for ketamine. ⋯ Recovery was significantly faster after propofol than after thiopentone and ketamine. Measuring the effective plasma concentrations of intravenous anaesthetics provides a method of relating dose to effect, but there still remains a variable gap between plasma concentration and effect.