Pain physician
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Comparative Study
Rates of lead migration and stimulation loss in spinal cord stimulation: a retrospective comparison of laminotomy versus percutaneous implantation.
Neuromodulation has been used to treat neuropathic pain. Leads have been implanted using laminotomy or percutaneous approaches. Laminotomy implantation has been shown to be superior in terms of lead migration when compared to percutaneous implantation. Lead migration has been reported as high as 68% with the percutaneous approach. Because of this, newer anchors have been developed but not tested in vivo. ⋯ Rates of stimulation loss and radiographic lead migration are similar for both laminotomy and percutaneous implantation. Time to loss of stimulation was not statistically different in either group, although there was a trend toward laminotomy leads migrating earlier. Lead type and laterality of symptoms do not affect lead migration rates. The effect of the level of implant and diagnosis was indeterminate.
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Comparative Study Clinical Trial
An analysis of reasons for failed back surgery syndrome and partial results after different types of surgical lumbar nerve root decompression.
Despite the evident progress in treating vertebral column degenerative diseases, the rate of a so-called "failed back surgery syndrome" associated with pain and disability remains relatively high. However, this term has an imprecise definition and includes several different morbid conditions following spinal surgery, not all of which directly illustrate the efficacy of the applied technology; furthermore, some of them could even be irrelevant. ⋯ The results of our study show that an analysis of the reasons for failures and partial effects of applied interventions for nerve root decompression may help to understand better the efficacy of the interventions and could be helpful in improving surgical strategies, otherwise the validity of the conclusion could be limited because not all sources of residual pain illustrate the applied technology efficacy. In the majority of cases, the cause of the residual or recurrent pain can be identified, and this may open new possibilities to improve the condition of patients presenting with failed back surgery syndrome.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) is the most common HIV-associated sensory neuropathy. The envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1, gp 120, appears to contribute to this painful neuropathy. Two standard treatments for HIV infection/HIV-related painful DSP (e.g., antiviral therapy [e.g., nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)] opioids) should each be carefully evaluated prior to being utilized to ameliorate the pain of DSP, since they may actually promote nociception. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors require activation in the cell via the addition of 3 phosphate groups (by cellular kinases) to their deoxyribose moiety, to form NRTI triphosphates. Subsequently, these deoxynucleotide analogs compete with natural deoxynucleotides for incorporation into the growing viral DNA chain. The incorporation of NRTIs into the viral DNA chain leads to chain termination; since the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors lack a 3'-hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety (unlike natural deoxynucleotides), so that the next incoming deoxynucleotide cannot form the next 5'-3' phosphodiester bond needed to extend the DNA chain. Unfortunately, many conventional agents utilized as pharmacologic therapy for neuropathic pain are not effective for providing satisfactory analgesia in painful HIV-related distal sensory polyneuropathy. Although there is no robust data, there does seem to be information which would support the notion of opioids having increased risk of being particularly pronociceptive when being used to treat painful HIV-related neuropathy. It thus appears conceivable that the use of at least certain opioids in efforts to achieve analgesia in patients with painful HIV-related neuropathy may be less than ideal since at least certain opioid analgesics themselves may potentially contribute to "fueling the fire" of HIV enhanced pain hypersensitivity; at least in part via upregulation of specific chemokine receptors (e.g., CXCR4) which seem to be vitally important in promoting HIV-related pain facilitation. The risk benefit ratio of treatment with agents such as NRTIs as well as opioids should be reviewed for specific individual patients, prior to clinicians initiating these agents. ⋯ Clinicians should consider all aspects of various therapeutic options, carefully weighing the risk/benefit ratios of each potential treatment before initiating opioids for painful HIV-related neuropathy.
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Chronic neuropathic pain has a major effect on quality of life. In order to prevent neuropathic pain from becoming chronic and improve neuropathic pain care, it is important to identify predictors associated with the persistence of neuropathic pain. ⋯ Overall, psychological factors and factors related to sensory disturbances were considered important predictors for persistence of neuropathic pain. Activity related factors and previously received paramedical and alternative treatment were considered to be less important. The list of possible predictors obtained by this study may serve as a basis for development of a clinical prediction rule for chronic neuropathic pain.