The lancet oncology
-
The lancet oncology · Jul 2008
Randomized Controlled TrialEffect of preoperative chemoradiation in addition to preoperative chemotherapy: a randomised trial in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer.
Preoperative chemotherapy improves survival in patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) amenable to resection. We aimed to assess the additional effect of preoperative chemoradiation on tumour resection, pathological response, and survival in these patients. ⋯ German Cancer Aid (Bonn, Germany).
-
The lancet oncology · Jul 2008
Cigarette smoking and subsequent risk of lung cancer in men and women: analysis of a prospective cohort study.
Whether women are more susceptible than men to lung cancer caused by cigarette smoking has been controversial. To address this question, we aimed to compare incidence rates of lung cancer by stratum of smoking use in men and women of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP cohort. ⋯ Our findings suggest that women are not more susceptible than men to the carcinogenic effects of cigarette smoking in the lung. In smokers, incidence rates tended to be higher in men than women with comparable smoking histories, but differences were modest; smoking was strongly associated with lung cancer risk in both men and women. Future studies should confirm whether incidence rates are indeed higher in women who have never smoked than in men who have never smoked.
-
Use of smokeless tobacco products is common worldwide, with increasing consumption in many countries. Although epidemiological data from the USA and Asia show a raised risk of oral cancer (overall relative risk 2.6 [95% CI 1.3-5.2]), these are not confirmed in northern European studies (1.0 [0.7-1.3]). Risks of oesophageal cancer (1.6 [1.1-2.3]) and pancreatic cancer (1.6 [1.1-2.2]) have also increased, as shown in northern European studies. ⋯ Smokeless tobacco products are a major source of carcinogenic nitrosamines; biomarkers of exposure have been developed to quantify exposure as a framework for a carcinogenesis model in people. Animal carcinogenicity studies strongly support clinical results. Cancer risk of smokeless tobacco users is probably lower than that of smokers, but higher than that of non-tobacco users.
-
Since the early 1980s, there has been growing concern about potential health consequences of exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS). Despite SHS being established as a risk factor for lung cancer development, the estimated risk has remained small yet somehow debatable. Human exposure to SHS is complicated because of temporal variabilities in source, composition, and concentration of SHS. ⋯ A more reliable approach would be to use biological markers that are specific for SHS exposure and pertinent to lung cancer. This approach requires an understanding of the underlying mechanisms through which SHS could contribute to lung carcinogenesis. This Review is a synopsis of research on SHS and lung cancer, with special focus on hypothetical modes of action of SHS for carcinogenesis, including genotoxic and epigenetic effects.