Scandinavian journal of pain
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Background and purpose Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is a phenomenon in which pain is inhibited by heterotopic noxious stimulation. It is not known how the experimental condition affects the magnitude of the CPM response and the inter-and intra-individual variations. It is important to get the information of the test-retest reliability and inter-individual variations of CPM to apply CPM as a diagnostic tool or for screening analgesic compounds. ⋯ The smallest intra-CV value was obtained in pain ratings with CPP (27.0%). Conclusions This study suggests that (1) the CPP evokes the largest CPM, (2) the leg as the assessment site results in the largest CPM responses and (3) the CPP causes the smallest inter- and intra-CV. Implication The present investigation implicates that the CPP is the most efficient conditioning stimulus to induce CPM when assessed by pressure pain thresholds.
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Introduction and aim Pain is a frequent symptom in emergency patients and opioids are commonly used to treat it at emergency departments and at pre-hospital settings. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the efficacy and safety of parenteral opioids used for acute pain in emergency medicine. Method Qualitative review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on parenteral opioids for acute pain in adult emergency patients. ⋯ Therefore the safety of different opioids and doses remains to be studied. Also the optimal titration regimens need to be evaluated in future studies. The prevention and treatment of opioid-induced nausea and vomiting is an important clinical consideration that requires further clinical and scientific attention in this patient group.