Current pain and headache reports
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Chest pain is a very common presenting complaint among patients in the hospital, a large proportion of whom have non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP). Neurological causes of NCCP have not been previously reviewed although several causes have been identified. ⋯ Chest pain has been reported as a symptom of multiple neurological conditions such as migraine, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis, with varying clinical presentations. The affected patients are often not formally diagnosed for long periods of time due to difficulties in recognizing the symptoms as part of neurological disease processes. This paper will briefly summarize well-known etiologies of chest pain and, then, review neurological causes of NCCP, providing an overview of current literature and possible pathophysiologic mechanisms.
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Curr Pain Headache Rep · Mar 2021
Review Comparative StudyDoes Choice of Steroid Matter for Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain with Sacroiliac Joint Injections: a Retrospective Study.
Prevalence of chronic low back pain (cLBP) is increasing. Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is a common source of cLBP, but data behind its diagnosis and treatment is controversial. There is moderate quality evidence for effectiveness of therapeutic SIJ injections. However, there are no studies comparing the two most common steroid preparations, methylprednisolone (MTP) and triamcinolone (TAC) in SIJ injections. ⋯ Sixty-five percent of patients in the MTP group and 57% patients in the TAC group had >50% pain relief at 1-month follow-up, with no statistical difference between the two groups. Patients in the TAC group had significantly greater BMI and consisted of higher proportion of smokers (72% patients in TAC group versus 39% patients in the MTP group, p-value 0.004). Other sources of pain such as facet joints were unmasked post-procedurally after SIJ injections, with this unmasking being significant for the TAC group. Opiate use decreased in the MTP group from 35% pre-procedurally to 20% post-procedurally, and this difference did not reach statistical significance. Both MTP and TAC are effective in providing pain relief for SIJ pain at 1-month follow-up, with no statistical difference between the two types of steroids. Although not statistically significant, there is a modest reduction in opiate use in the MTP group.
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Curr Pain Headache Rep · Mar 2021
ReviewRegional Anesthesia Abdominal Blocks and Local Infiltration After Cesarean Delivery: Review of Current Evidence.
In this review, we discuss surgical infiltration and various abdominal wall blocks, including transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and quadratus lumborum blocks, and review the literature on the evidence behind these approaches and analgesia for cesarean delivery (CD). ⋯ Adequate pain management in the parturient following CD is important to facilitate early ambulation and neonatal care while also improving patient satisfaction and decreasing hospital length of stay. Neuraxial opioids have been a mainstay for postoperative analgesia; however, this option may not be available for patients undergoing emergency CD and have contraindications to neuraxial approaches, refusing an epidural or spinal, or with technical difficulties for neuraxial placement. In such cases, alternative options include a fascial plane block or surgical wound infiltration. The use of regional blocks or surgical wound infiltration is especially recommended in the parturient who does not receive neuraxial opioids for CD. Adequate postoperative analgesia following CD is an important component of the overall care of the parturient as it helps facilitate early mobilization and improve patient satisfaction. In conclusion, the use of abdominal fascial plane blocks or surgical wound infiltration is recommended in the parturient who does not receive neuraxial opioids for CD.
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Though first bite syndrome is well known in surgical settings, it is not commonly included in the differential for sharp paroxysmal facial pain in the neurology literature. This paper will highlight the clinical features and relevant anatomy of first bite syndrome, with the goal of helping clinicians differentiate this from other similar facial pain disorders. ⋯ First bite syndrome is severe sharp or cramping pain in the parotid region occurring with the first bite of each meal and improving with subsequent bites. Pathophysiology has been attributed to imbalanced sympathetic/parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland. This is seen most typically in the post-surgical setting following surgery in the parotid or parapharyngeal region, but neoplastic etiologies have also been reported. It is common for patients to present with concurrent great auricular neuropathy and/or Horner's syndrome. Evidence regarding treatment is limited to case reports/series, however, botulinum toxin injections and neuropathic medicines have been helpful in select cases. It is critical for clinicians to be able to differentiate first bite syndrome from other paroxysmal facial pain. To help with this, we have proposed diagnostic criteria for clinical assessment. Patients often improve gradually over time, but symptomatic treatment with botulinum toxin or neuropathic medicine may be required.
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Curr Pain Headache Rep · Mar 2021
ReviewBiologic Therapy in Chronic Pain Management: a Review of the Clinical Data and Future Investigations.
With the aging population, it is clear that the demand for future chronic pain treatment modalities is at an all-time high. One of the newest treatment modalities that is gaining popularity with both practitioners and patients alike is that of regenerative medicine and the use of stem cells to treat chronic painful conditions. This article aims to distill the most recent, available data from both laboratory research and clinical trials to better illuminate the potentials for these therapies in the treatment of chronic pain. ⋯ There are numerous investigations underway using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat painful, largely degenerative conditions. A large majority of these investigations focus on osteoarthritis of the knee and have demonstrated significantly improved pain scores. Some of these investigations have demonstrated significantly increased articular cartilage and meniscus growth as well as improved function. These studies have been smaller (n, 18) and need to be corroborated on a macrolevel. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-based therapies have been most extensively studied in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Multiple prospective and randomized trials and meta-analyses have afforded level I evidence in support of PRP's safety and efficacy in chronic knee pain demonstrating both decreased pain (via VAS) and increased functional status (via WOMAC and IKDC). There have been randomized controlled trials examining PRP therapies in treatment degenerative disc disease (intradiscal treatment), facet arthropathy (intra-facet injections), and sacroiliitis (SIJ) which have all yielded similar positive results. Each RTC demonstrated decreased pain scores and increased function but lacks the scale to derive concrete guidelines. Newer investigations are underway examining modified PRP formulas with increased fibrin (PRF) or various growth factors (PRGF) and have shown positive outcomes with respect to osteoarthritic conditions in small trials. Animal trials are underway further investigating these therapies as well as specific gene modulation therapies. This review of the most recent investigations into the application and uses of biologic stem cell-derived treatments for chronic painful conditions should act to illustrate the growing, favorable data for these types of modalities both with respect to pain control and functional improvement.