Swiss medical weekly
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Swiss medical weekly · Apr 2002
ReviewSticky and promiscuous plasma proteins maintain the equilibrium between bleeding and thrombosis.
A vascular fissure requires a patch that must be provided by constituents of the cellular and fluid phases of flowing blood. The principal components involved in primary haemostasis are platelets, collagen and von Willebrand factor (vWF). Platelets, the cellular elements of the patch, are inert until they encounter conditions that trigger their activation. ⋯ These diverse functions are only possible because of the modular structure of participating proteins. In the process of evolution a series of structural modules have been incorporated into protein molecules as their integral domains by exon duplication and shuffling. Owing to variable conformations of the resulting multi-domain proteins, the same modules may perform different tasks and be recognized only by specific ligands, thus controlling the delicately balanced system of haemostasis.
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There are no established recommendations in Switzerland on when, how and for what patients DNR orders should be written. Moreover, little is known about current attitudes, patients' preferences, patients' involvement in decision-making and the adequacy of such decisions. The study was conducted in a Swiss tertiary care hospital to investigate the epidemiology, manner of application and appropriateness of DNR orders. ⋯ The frequency of DNR orders on admission was rather high. Referring to pre-arrest morbidity, DNR orders were often inappropriate on hospital admission but usually became so during hospital stay. After exclusion of confounding factors, age was the main independent factor for DNR orders. Patient and/or surrogate involvement in decision-making for DNR orders was low, thereby raising important ethical issues such as patient autonomy. An urgent national discussion on the topic is needed.