Archives of environmental health
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Arch. Environ. Health · May 2001
Acute asthma exacerbations and air pollutants in children living in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
The incidence of childhood asthma, a common condition, is on the rise worldwide. Despite reductions in the emission of urban smoke, traffic pollution is now a major worldwide problem. Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an old industrial city with major pollution problems. ⋯ Individually, small associations were seen for thoracic particulate matter (relative risk = 1.10), sulfur dioxide (relative risk = 1.09), nitrogen dioxide (relative risk = 1.11), nitric oxide (relative risk = 1.07), oxides of nitrogen (relative risk = 1.10), carbon monoxide (relative risk = 1.07), and benzene (1.14); no associations were noted between meteorological factors (temperature and rainfall) or ozone and asthma emergency-department admissions. The authors adjusted for the aforementioned parameters, and benzene level was the only variable associated independently with asthma emergency-department admissions in children. Benzene may be a more reliable method of measuring exposure to vehicle exhaust emissions than measurements of other pollutants.
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The authors conducted a cross-sectional study among residents of Delhi to determine the role of ambient air pollution in chronic respiratory morbidity in Delhi. The authors selected a random, stratified sample (N = 4,171) of permanent residents who were 18+ y of age and who lived near 1 of the 9 permanent air quality monitoring stations in the city. Air-quality data for the past 10 y were obtained; data were based on the differences in total suspended particulates, and the study areas were categorized into lower- and higher-pollution zones. ⋯ In the comparison of nonsmoking residents of lower- and higher-pollution zones--stratified according to socioeconomic levels and sex--chronic cough, chronic phlegm, and dyspnea (but not wheezing) were significantly more common in the higher-pollution zone in only some of the strata. Furthermore, prevalence rates of bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic bronchitis among residents in the two pollution zones were not significantly different. Nonetheless, lung function of asymptomatic nonsmokers was consistently and significantly better among both male and female residents of the lower-pollution zone.
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Arch. Environ. Health · Nov 2000
Unintentional carbon monoxide deaths in California from residential and other nonvehicular sources.
To investigate risk factors of unintentional carbon monoxide deaths in California from nonvehicular sources, we identified 270 deaths resulting from nonvehicular sources of carbon monoxide poisoning from death certificates and coroners' investigation reports. Data recorded between 1979 and 1988 in the state of California on risk factors and carbon monoxide sources were abstracted from investigation reports. ⋯ Relative risks (in parentheses) were higher among individuals who (a) lived in multiunit dwellings (2.1), (b) dwelled in mobile/trailer homes (4.7), and (c) resided in temporary shelters (30.0) than among individuals who lived in single-family houses (1.0). Unvented combustion heating appliances and charcoal fuel were associated significantly with the risks of fatal unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning.
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Groups of male Swiss-Webster mice breathed emissions of several brands of crib mattresses for two 1-hr periods. The authors used a computerized version of ASTM-E-981 test method to monitor respiratory frequency, pattern, and airflow velocity and to diagnose abnormalities when statistically significant changes appeared. The emissions of four mattresses caused various combinations of upper-airways irritation (i.e., sensory irritation), lower-airways irritation (pulmonary irritation), and decreases in mid-expiratory airflow velocity. ⋯ Organic cotton padding caused very different effects, evidenced by increases in both respiratory rate and tidal volume. The authors used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify respiratory irritants (e.g., styrene, isopropylbenzene, limonene) in the emissions of one of the polyurethane foam mattresses. Some mattresses emitted mixtures of volatile chemicals that had the potential to cause respiratory-tract irritation and decrease airflow velocity in mice.
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Arch. Environ. Health · Jul 1999
Exercise-induced cerebral deoxygenation among untrained trekkers at moderate altitudes.
The pathophysiology of altitude-related disorders in untrained trekkers has not been clarified. In the present study, the effects of workload on cardiovascular parameters and regional cerebral oxygenation were studied in untrained trekkers at altitudes of 2700 m and 3700 m above sea level. We studied 6 males and 4 females at each altitude, and their average ages were 31.3+/-7.1 y at 2700 m and 31.2+/-6.8 y at 3700 m, respectively. ⋯ The rSO2 measured 2 min and 3 min after exercise at 3700 m was significantly higher than the preexercise value. From these observations, we concluded that alterations in cardiovascular parameters were apparent only after an exercise load occurred at approximately 3000 m altitude. Acute reduction in cerebral regional oxygen saturation might be a primary cause of headache and acute mountain sickness among unacclimatized trekkers.