Orvostörténeti közlemények
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Historical Article
[Health Institutions of the Hungarian and Imperial-Royal Armed Forces in the First World War].
The Military Health Institutes established during the World War I. aimed maintenance and recovery of soldiers' fighting value. Establishing an effective sanitary control was rather important, since the Hungarian Royal Honvéd Army attempted to prevent epidemics and diseases, especially venereal diseases and tuberculosis. The sanitary establishments consisted of three parts: they belonged to the operational area, to the provisional zone and to the homeland territory. ⋯ Permanent sanitary institutions were the garrison hospitals; troop and military ("honvéd") hospitals and houses for invalids, while temporary sanitary establishments worked only in case of mobilization. In their arrangement not the distance was taken into consideration, but the potential for transport of the wounded. The Hungarian sanitary institutions proved to be rather successful in World War I.
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Historical Article
[Reform and innovation: medical education in the 20th century USA].
Medical education in the USA today is remarkably varied despite the shared mission of training doctors, hardly surprising given that there are today 125 medical schools in the United States. In this paper, a brief introduction to six of those institutions--describing how they and their mandates differ--illustrates some of the variety of US medical education currently available, while providing some specific details of just how those six schools differ from each other. These are only samples, of course; the variety is far greater than can be made clear in such a short review. ⋯ And then, thirdly, a small sample is given of ways in which a few other particular medical schools have reformed their curricula in recent years; what went into the most influential of these curricular reforms is also presented, along with mention of what are perhaps the most unusual curricular paths today. The paper concludes with a summary assessment of where reforms in the second half of the 20th century have brought US medical education at the beginning of the 21st century as well as a sobering comment on the extent to which much remains to be accomplished in the delivery of health care in the United States despite the improvements in medical education. These observations constitute an important feature of the paper, because although much has previously been written on the history of medical education in the USA that provides a general picture of how physicians are trained there and contributes to an understanding of changes in that training, this article adds specificity to the general picture and makes absolutely clear that an astonishing degree of diversity exists in US medical education.