The journal of nursing research : JNR
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Patients with heart failure (HF) have multiple distressing symptoms that are associated with poor outcomes. These symptoms do not occur in isolation from each other but likely occur as discrete clusters that may prove helpful to clinicians trying to counsel patients about symptom monitoring and management. Defining common symptom clusters and determining the associations between symptom clusters and outcomes may improve patient management. ⋯ Symptom clusters play an important role in the prognoses of patients with HF. Both patients and healthcare providers may use the information that is provided by this study to improve the surveillance and management of related symptoms.