The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society
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Interventional spine procedures have seen a steady increase in utilization over the last 10 to 20 years. In 2010, the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for facet injections were bundled with image guidance (fluoroscopic or computed tomography) and limited billing to a maximum of three levels. This was done in part because of increased utilization and to ensure that procedures were done appropriately with image guidance. ⋯ Facet injection utilization notably increased from 2000 to 2006 but began to level off from 2007 to 2012. The most notable drop was in 2010, which correlated with the release of new CPT codes that bundled image guidance and limited procedures to three levels or less.
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Comparative Study
Correlation analysis between change in thoracic kyphosis and multilevel facetectomy and screw density in main thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery.
Controversy exists regarding the effects of multilevel facetectomy and screw density on deformity correction, especially thoracic kyphosis (TK) restoration in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery. ⋯ In patients with hypokyphotic thoracic spine, significant positive correlation was found between change in TK and multilevel facetectomy or screw density at the concave side. This indicates that in patients with AIS who have thoracic hypokyphosis as part of their deformity, the abovementioned factors must be considered in preoperative planning to correct hypokyphosis.
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There are several reports regarding pathogeneses and risk factors for proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) in adult spinal deformity surgery. However, the relationship between thoracolumbar muscle condition and PJK has not been investigated yet. ⋯ Patients with PJK had lower thoracolumbar muscularity and higher fatty degeneration than patients without PJK before surgery. Our data suggest that osteoporosis, large corrections in LL and SVA with surgery, and lower muscularity and higher fatty degeneration at the thoracolumbar area can lead to PJK.
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Awareness of vascular anomalies is crucial to avoid iatrogenic injuries during surgical procedure. Although V3 segment anomaly has been well described, the incidence of V3 segment anomaly has been rather variable in the literature, and there are few reports regarding the adequate surgical strategy for each type of V3 segment anomaly. ⋯ The course of the VA is heterogenous, and the V3 segment anomaly of the VA is more common in the cases with congenital bony abnormalities around CVJ. Therefore, preoperative radiological studies should be performed to identify V3 segment variations and reduce the risk of VA injury. To avoid significant morbidities associated with VA, surgical technique of C1 posterior instrumentation should be decided depending upon the V3 segment anomaly. A more optimal entry point and trajectory for C1 fixation can be selected.