Articles: palliative-care.
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In order to be able to discuss the issue of whether or not terminal sedation is, or may be conceived of as, a form of help in dying, one needs to be very clear as to the meaning of the terms "help in dying" and "terminal sedation". In this article, we suggest what we take to be detailed and precise definitions of the two forms of voluntary help in dying--euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Our definitions (interpretations) basically draw on the Dutch experience and understanding. ⋯ Furthermore, we discuss on what grounds this treatment strategy may be induced, including a presentation of criteria and guidelines that must be met; the issue of documentation of the strategy; palliative sedation in the light of the ethical principle of double effect; and in what way euthanasia could be concealed as palliative sedation. In closing, we comment briefly on the phenomenon of large differences between published cohorts with regard to the frequency of use of palliative sedation. This treatment strategy is open to be challenged both clinically and ethically, and all parties would benefit from a continuous debate over the legitimacy of, and the clinical need for, palliative sedation.
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Various studies suggest that there is a preference among patients, professionals and the public for death to occur at home (Dunlop et al, 1989; Townsend et al, 1990; Hinton, 1994). Data indicates that some patients are denied the opportunity to exercise choice in the place of death. In areas where palliative rapid-response teams have been available more people have been able to die at home. ⋯ It reflects not only the views of the professionals involved but also focuses on the views of informal carers. Seventeen patients were referred to the rapid-response service in its first year of operation between April 1998 and March 1999. The service has shown some success in enabling patients to die at home and satisfaction with the service is high among professionals and lay carers.
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Advanced tumors of the hepatic duct bifurcation (Klatskin tumors) present problems to the endoscopist in deciding which procedure to use for palliative treatment of the resulting cholestasis--endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD), or both. There are technical difficulties with all forms of treatment for stenoses in the hilar region and intrahepatic bile ducts, and there are as yet no clear data on which type of drainage is feasible or preferable. ⋯ Palliative treatment in patients with advanced Klatskin tumors is still suboptimal, even when combined endoscopic and percutaneous techniques are used in the same institution, allowing treatment to be tailored to the individual patient's needs. There is therefore a need for improvements in existing forms of treatment, as well as for the development of new forms of treatment.