Articles: disease.
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Persistent bleeding is a common reason for the discontinuation of contraception. Standard terminology for describing bleeding patterns by reference period is presented. Observed bleeding patterns with oral contraceptives, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, the levonorgestrel subdermal implant, and intrauterine devices are described. ⋯ Published studies suggest that oral contraceptives containing new nonandrogenic progestins have bleeding patterns as acceptable as older low estrogen formulations. Approaches to the evaluation and treatment of intermenstrual bleeding with contraceptive methods are reviewed. Patient education on expected bleeding patterns is essential to compliance and continuation.
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This study's purpose was to describe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related concerns, risk behaviors, and psychosocial/situational determinants of condom use among an urban minority population of sexually active, adolescent girls. In addition we sought to define the accuracy of personal AIDS risk-assessment, the relative importance of AIDS in relation to other concerns, and the broader context of sexual experience and attitudes in this population. ⋯ Participants' sexual histories and behavior emphasize the need for concern regarding AIDS risk in this population. Patterns of sexual behavior and beliefs regarding committed relationships raise challenging questions regarding how to motivate sexually active members of this population to use condoms more frequently. Programs aimed at AIDS prevention among urban minority adolescents need to be cognizant of the larger personal and sociocultural context in which these teenagers are making health-behavior choices.
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Annals of epidemiology · May 1994
Age-specific patterns of association between breast cancer and risk factors in black women, ages 20 to 39 and 40 to 54.
Data from the 1980 to 1982 population-based Cancer and Steroid Hormone case-control study of women 20 to 54 years old afforded the opportunity to investigate risk factors for breast cancer among black women younger than 40 years (177 patients and 137 control subjects) and to compare the results to black women 40 to 54 years old (313 patients and 348 control subjects). Information on exposure variables was obtained by in-person interviews. The logistic regression results indicated that the risk of breast cancer among black women younger than 40 years was nearly three times greater for those who used oral contraceptives for more than 10 years relative to never-users (odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 6.8) and more than four times greater for severely obese women (body mass index > or = 32.30 kg/m2) relative to women whose relative weights were less than 24.90 kg/m2. Patterns of association for the two age groups were similar for surgical menopausal, age at first full-term pregnancy, and multiple births, but differed for age at menarche.
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J. Natl. Cancer Inst. · Apr 1994
Breast cancer among young U.S. women in relation to oral contraceptive use.
While most studies have found no association between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer, several studies of younger women have reported an association with long-term oral contraceptive use. PURPOSE. We studied the relationship of patterns of oral contraceptive use to breast cancer risk among younger women. These women have had oral contraceptives available their entire reproductive lives and are now entering the breast cancer-prone years. ⋯ Future studies should investigate whether the patterns of risk we reported are present as this cohort ages.
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Indian J Public Health · Apr 1994
Review Historical ArticleReview on development and community implementation of oral rehydration therapy.
The review of the current status and implementation of Oral Rehydration Therapy at the community level have been presented in this communication with special emphasis on its development, ORS access rate, ORS use rate and home available fluids. The global ORS supply has gone up an increased eleven folds since 1981. ⋯ However, the global ORS use rate was low (21%). The major constraints during ORT implementation which have been reported by several scientists are also discussed.