Articles: child.
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This study measured the effect of a group preoperative teaching program on the level of children's emotional distress during day surgery. The sample consisted of 30 children, ages 3 through 10, scheduled for elective surgery. One group attended a structured program and received procedural and sensory information within 2 weeks of their surgery. ⋯ A t test identified significant differences between the groups. Children who attended the preoperative teaching program demonstrated less emotional distress than children who did not receive this intervention. These findings reinforce the positive outcomes of preoperative teaching programs that provide procedural and sensory information to children as preparation for day surgery.
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Matern Child Nurs J · Jul 1993
ReviewPresence as a nursing intervention with hospitalized children.
A review of nursing literature indicates that presence is a widely accepted nursing intervention, yet very little discussion exists regarding nursing presence as an intervention with children. The author's purpose is to discuss the importance of nursing presence with children, provide information on ways in which nurses can operationalize and evaluate presence, and identify implications for needed research on presence with children.
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As measles continues to exact a high toll on infant mortality, particularly in developing countries, optimal strategies for the control of the disease are under discussion. As part of this debate, the place of 2-dose measles immunization schedules is reviewed regarding their potential as a strategy to improve measles control. To date, WHO has not recommended the use of a 2-dose schedule. ⋯ Long-term safety should be determined through studies of adequate size. Programmes already using 2-dose schedules are encouraged to evaluate their impact on disease incidence, cost, vaccine usage, and effect on coverage. Until further evaluation is complete, a high and timely coverage with one dose of measles vaccine in all areas remains the first priority for all immunization programmes.
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Review Comparative Study
Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood mortality: the 1970s to the 1980s.
The last three decades have witnessed substantial reductions in childhood mortality in most developing nations. Despite this encouraging picture, analysis of WFS and DHS survey data shows that socioeconomic disparities in survival chances have not narrowed between the 1970s and 1980s, and in some cases, have widened. ⋯ In most countries studied, no more than 20 per cent of the national trend could be accounted for by compositional improvements. The median contributions of improvements in mother's education and father's occupation were ten and eight per cent, respectively.
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Epidemiologic reviews · Jan 1990
ReviewThe epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children and adults: a global perspective.
While a number of advances have been made in our understanding of the epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in the past two decades, a number of serious questions still require urgent answers. The associations of factors such as chronic disease in adults, direct smoking, passive smoking, crowding, and breast feeding to acute respiratory infections are now well documented. Appropriate changes in public health policy need not be predicated on results from still further studies. ⋯ Greater standardization of data collection methods in developed and developing countries also needs to be more seriously addressed. Given that some advances have been made in this area, the time may be right for development of acute symptom questionnaires, akin to the American Thoracic Society chronic respiratory questionnaire, for use in both developed and developing countries. Standardization of diaries, although somewhat more difficult, would also be extremely useful in many instances.