Articles: human.
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Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser · Sep 2000
NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Primidone (CAS No. 125-33-7) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies).
Primidone is used alone or with other anticonvulsants in the control of grand mal, psychomotor, and focal epileptic seizures. It may control grand mal seizures refractory to other anticonvulsant therapy. Primidone was nominated by the National Cancer Institute for 2-year toxicology and carcinogenicity studies due to its human use as an anticonvulsant. ⋯ Exposure of male mice to primidone resulted in hepatocyte centrilobular hypertrophy and thyroid gland follicular cell hyperplasia. Exposure of female mice to primidone resulted in hepatocyte centrilobular hypertrophy and cytoplasmic vacuolization, eosinophilic focus, and thyroid gland follicular cell hyperplasia. Synonyms: 5-Aethyl-5-phenyl-hexahydropyrimidin-4,6-dion; 2-deoxyphenobarbital; 2-desoxyphenobarbital; desoxyphenobarbitone; 5-ethyldihydro-5-phenyl-4,6 (1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione; 5-ethylhexahydro-4,6-dioxo-5-phenylphrimidine; 5-ethylhexahydro-5-phenylpyrimidine-4,6-dione; 5-ethyl-5-phenylhexahydropyrimidine-4,6-dione Trade names: Cyral; Hexadiona; Hexamidine; Lepimidin; Lepsiral; Majsolin; Midone; Milepsin; Misodine; Misolyne; Mizodin; Mizolin; Mylepsin; Mylepsinum; Mysedon; Mysoline; Prilepsin; Primacione; Primaclone; Primacone; Primakton; Primadon; Prysoline; Pyrimidone; ROE 101; Sertan
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A 4-6-week-old male bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was found freshly dead on a beach. He belonged to a nearby dolphin group that was known to have considerable curiosity about human activity and to frequently approach pleasure craft. ⋯ Careful assessment of the wounds indicated that the blade of the weapon had been at least 190 mm in length and 22 mm in width, with a single edge. This report demonstrates that standard forensic techniques may be extremely useful in determining the cause of death in animals, in documenting injuries to assist in the investigation of such cases, and in providing facts to aid in the successful prosecution of those guilty of killing or injuring animals.
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Pediatr Crit Care Me · Jul 2000
Comparison of plasma levels and pharmacodynamics after intraosseous and intravenous administration of fosphenytoin and phenytoin in piglets.
To compare plasma drug levels and pharmacodynamics of fosphenytoin or phenytoin when given intraosseously or intravenously in doses relevant to children. DESIGN: Prospective controlled randomized study. SETTING: University hospital animal laboratory. SUBJECTS: A total of 40 mixed-breed piglets (age, 4-6 months; weight, 20-40 kg). INTERVENTIONS: The animals were anesthetized, after which they underwent intubation, instrumentation, and mechanical ventilation. A central venous catheter and an arterial catheter were placed for monitoring and blood sampling. A peripheral intravenous catheter with a 15-gauge intraosseous needle was inserted for drug infusion. A total of 40 animals (ten per group) were randomly assigned to receive intravenous or intraosseous phenytoin or fosphenytoin infusions. Phenytoin (20 mg/kg) was infused over 20 mins, and fosphenytoin (20 mg phenytoin equivalent kg) was infused over 7 mins. All infusions were followed by the administration of a 5-mL normal saline flush. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN ⋯ There is no need to adjust standard drug doses of phenytoin when given intraosseously. The initial high levels of phenytoin in the fosphenytoin groups are of concern because neurologic toxic effects may occur in humans at those levels. Slower infusion rates of fosphenytoin may be needed to avoid toxic levels.