Articles: human.
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[Cheney P: Fatal human plague-Arizona and Colorado, 1996. Ann Emerg Med March 1998;31:410-411.].
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Clinical biomechanics · Mar 1998
The mechanical properties of human alar and transverse ligaments at slow and fast extension rates.
To study biomechanics and failure characteristics of the alar and transverse ligaments of the upper cervical spine at two different extension rates. DESIGN. IN VITRO: biomechanical study using human and alar and transverse ligament specimens. ⋯ Within the physiological limits, the strain and energy absorbed decreased to less than one tenth, while the stiffness increased to greater than ten times as the extension rate increased, for both the alar and transverse ligaments. When failed at the faster rate, the alar ligament, although weaker of the two, absorbed greater energy to failure because of its higher failure strain.
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During the past 30 years, emergency medical services (EMS) in the United States have experienced explosive growth. The American health care system is now transforming, providing an opportune time to examine what we have learned over the past three decades in order to create a vision for the future of EMS. ⋯ Discussion of these attributes provides important guidance for achieving a vision for the future of EMS that emphasizes its critical role in American health care. [Delbridge TR, Bailey B, Chew JL Jr, Conn AKT, Krakeel JJ, Manz D, Miller DR, O'Malley PJ, Ryan SD, Spaite DW, Stewart RD, Suter RE, Wilson EM: EMS agenda for the future: Where we are … where we want to be. Ann Emerg Med February 1998;31:251-263.].
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The tricyclic antidepressant imipramine has shown analgesic effect in human clinical and experimental pain studies. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of imipramine on a pure short-term nociceptive stimulus with pin-prick pain quality. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, the hypoalgesic effect of a single oral dose of 100 mg imipramine was investigated in 10 healthy volunteers. ⋯ This study demonstrates the important fact that a drug may show clear analgesic effect in some experimental pain models while it is without effect in other models; e.g. imipramine is known to affect pain tolerance and summation thresholds. Pre-clinical tests of potentially analgesic drugs should therefore be based on different pain-stimulation modalities. Copyright 1998 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.
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Temporal summation of pain is suggested to be an important factor during various clinical conditions. Controversies exist as to whether temporal summation exists for Adeltafibre-mediated first pain. The aim of the present human experimental study was to investigate the importance of stimulus configuration (intensity, inter-pulse interval, location) for temporal summation of radiant (laser)- and contact-heat-induced pain. ⋯ Taking the latency from stimulation to perception into consideration, we were able to differentiate and find summation of first (Adeltafibre-mediated) and second pain (C fibre-mediated). Summation of first pain was more pronounced for high (38 degrees C) than for low (30-32 degrees C) baseline temperature. Copyright 1998 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.