Articles: opioid.
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Published data from 1998 revealed that most patients treated for migraine in an emergency department received opioids. Over the intervening years, a large body of evidence has emerged demonstrating the efficacy and safety of non-opioid alternatives. Expert opinion during these years has cautioned against use of opioids for migraine. Our objectives were to compare current frequency of use of various medications for acute migraine in US emergency departments with use of these same medications in 1998 and to identify factors independently associated with opioid use. ⋯ In spite of recommendations to the contrary, opioids are still used in more than half of all emergency department visits for migraine. Though use of meperidine has decreased markedly between 1998 and 2010, it has largely been replaced by hydromorphone. Opioid use in migraine visits is independently associated with prior visits to the same emergency department in the previous 12 months.
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Substance use & misuse · Apr 2015
Medical and Psychiatric Effects of Long-Term Dependence on High Dose of tramadol.
Tramadol dependence has been studied recently after large-scale exposure. Although tramadol dependence has increased rapidly in Egypt since 2004, no studies have evaluated the effect of high dose long-term tramadol dependence. ⋯ Tramadol dependence on high dose could be physically safe to some limit, but psychiatrically it has many side effects.
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Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is an increasing cause of chronic pain in most countries. This poses high costs to both patients and National Health Organizations. ⋯ Oxycodone/naloxone can be a good alternative for the management of FBSS when other interventional or pharmacologic strategies have failed. In this case report, higher doses than those recommended as a maximum daily ceiling (80/40 mg) were safely used in one selected patient with noncancer severe pain.
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Prevention and control of postoperative pain are essential. Inadequate treatment of postoperative pain continues to be a major problem after many surgeries and leads to worse outcomes, including chronic postsurgical pain. Optimal management of postoperative pain requires an understanding of the pathophysiology of pain, methods available to reduce pain, invasiveness of the procedure, and patient factors associated with increased pain, such as anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, and neuroticism. Use of a procedure-specific, multimodal perioperative pain management provides a rational basis for enhanced postoperative pain control, optimization of analgesia, decrease in adverse effects, and improved patient satisfaction.
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Opioid tolerance is a limiting factor in chronic pain. Delta opioid peptide (DOP)(δ) receptor antagonism has been shown to reduce tolerance. Here, the common clinical mu opioid peptide (MOP)(µ) receptor agonist fentanyl has been linked to the DOP antagonist Dmt-Tic (2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid) to create new bivalent compounds. ⋯ The addition of a linker between fentanyl and Dmt-Tic did not alter the ability to bind to MOP and DOP, however a substantial loss in MOP functional activity was apparent. This highlights the difficulty in multifunctional opioid development.