Articles: cations.
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To evaluate the sites and frequencies of overall and initial lymph node (LN) metastases (LNMs) of clinical T1N0 esophageal cancer. ⋯ A clinical diagnosis of T1N0 is not sufficiently accurate, and therefore, it is unacceptable to omit LN dissection or minimize the prophylactic radiation field. SLNs, which are not location restricted, should be surveyed in all 3 fields.
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To assess how informed patients are about breast reconstruction, and how involved they are in decision making. ⋯ Women undergoing mastectomy in this sample were highly involved in decision making, but had major deficits in knowledge about the procedure. Knowledge about the risk of complications was particularly low. Providers seemed to have discussed the advantages of reconstruction more than its disadvantages.
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To provide recommended practice guidelines for assessing single operative performances and for combining results of operative performance assessments into estimates of overall operative performance ability. ⋯ The practice guidelines organize available information to be immediately useful to program directors, to support surgical training, and to provide a conceptual framework upon which to build as the base of pertinent knowledge expands through future research and development efforts.
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The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of lymphatic tissue to heterotopic ossification (HO). ⋯ These findings suggest that lymphatic vessels are intimately linked with the de novo formation bone within soft tissues following trauma, and their presence may facilitate bone formation.
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To determine how surgeons' perceptions of treatment risks and benefits influence their decisions to operate. ⋯ Given the same clinical scenarios, surgeons' perceptions of treatment risks and benefits vary and are highly predictive of their decisions to operate.