Articles: mortality.
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Public health reports · May 1985
Fatalities associated with farm tractor injuries: an epidemiologic study.
Death certificates were used as a source of information to characterize fatalities associated with farm tractor injuries in Georgia for the period 1971-81. In this period, 202 tractor-associated fatalities occurred among residents of Georgia; 198 of these persons were males. The annual tractor-associated fatality rate for males based on the population of male farm residents was 23.6 per 100,000; rates of fatal injury increased with age for this population. ⋯ Fatalities were attributed to crushed chest, exsanguination, strangulation or asphyxia, drowning, and other injuries. Current safety standards for the operation of farm tractors are limited; rollover protective canopies are not required for farm owners or their family members. Descriptive epidemiologic information obtained from death certificates can be used to define injury determinants and to suggest approaches for the further study and prevention of specific types of injuries.
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A review of the literature on the health consequences of teenage pregnancy and childbirth shows remarkable similarity in findings from studies conducted in the United States, Canada, Britain, France and Sweden. In particular, results of studies conducted since 1970 have tended to indicate that the increased risk of maternal complications from pregnancy and delivery among teenagers--especially those older than 15--is associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age. Smaller differences in maternal mortality between teenagers and older women exist in England and Wales than in the United States and France; this finding suggests that England and Wales may have minimized the age or socioeconomic factors contributing to a difference in rates. ⋯ Studies that separate data for young teens and older teenage mothers also indicate that increased perinatal and late fetal mortality rates may occur only among very young teenage mothers. There is no evidence of an overall increase in congenital malformations among babies born to teenagers. When individual birth defects are examined, some studies have shown increased rates of cardiovascular and central nervous system malformations among the children of teenage mothers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Controversial topics in the epidemiology of cervical neoplasia are reviewed, in the light of data from studies conducted in Italy and indications from the literature. The downward trends registered over the last three decades in mortality from cervical cancer seem to be levelling off in the younger age groups (below age 45). This may be partly due to changes in sexual habits in younger women, but is certainly attributable to deficiencies in cervical screening. ⋯ The results of the same case-control study indicate that, although women with pre-invasive and invasive conditions seem to share several unspecific indicators of sexual habits (i.e., total number of partners and age at first intercourse), they appear to differ with regard to clinical history of specific venereal disease. In fact, genital warts, herpes genitalis and trichomoniasis were more frequent in cases of intraepithelial neoplasia, but not of invasive cancer. The implications of these findings, and of other controversial points in the epidemiology of cervical neoplasia, such as oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking and diet, are discussed with regard to indications from other disciplines (chiefly molecular hybridization and stochastic models of carcinogenesis).