• Alessandro Pesce, Mauro Palmieri, Alessandro Frati, Alessandro Rustia, Luigi Marrocco, Riccardo Caruso, Antonio Santoro, and Venceslao Wierzbicki.
• IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy.
• World Neurosurg. 2020 Aug 1; 140: 338-346.

AbstractLittle is known of the advances in battlefield medicine achieved in Italy before and during the Great War. Some deserve wider recognition; this is especially true for the field of neurosurgery. There are a limited number of historical records currently available, fewer still in English, and most of the systematic investigations on field surgery have been in the form of monographs within science history reviews, which obviously lack a strictly clinical perspective. Together with shell shock, the gunshot-related traumatic brain injury (GrTBI) is considered one of the typical, or signature, lesions of the Great War. It was intrinsically linked to trench and mountain warfare: to view the battlefield from a trench/hiding area, soldiers' heads and necks were repeatedly exposed, therefore making them the most likely target for snipers. Military physicians therefore focused their efforts in the clinical and experimental treatment of GrTBI. Among notable contributions of the military surgeons of the time, there is a volume of selected war-surgery lectures conserved in the archives of the Library of the Italian National Academy of Military Medicine. These lectures shed light over the work of General Dr. Lorenzo Bonomo. His incredibly advanced and modern ideas had unfortunately been forgotten. He pioneered research in the ballistic and forensic medical fields, building on first-hand experience, as he performed surgeries himself before the conflict and even while on the frontline, actively working to improve the chances of survival for the Italian troops fighting in the Great War.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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