• Andrea Luca, Riccardo Giorgino, Loreto Gesualdo, Giuseppe M Peretti, Anas Belkhou, Giuseppe Banfi, and Giovanni Grasso.
• Spine Unit III, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: aluca.md@gmail.com.
• World Neurosurg. 2020 Aug 1; 140: 674-680.

BackgroundOver the past few years, a reorganization of the educational pathways has been promoted with the purpose of optimizing the acquisition of competences and their assessment, so as to reduce the risks to both health care professionals and end users. Virtual reality (VR) has been repeatedly tested, initially as a positive reinforcement for more traditional educational pathways and, more recently, as their potential substitute. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potentiality of VR simulation training in spine surgery.MethodsThe VR simulator reproduced the lateral lumbar access to the spine. The simulation included a tutorial, the preoperative settings, and the surgical session with different levels of procedural complexity. A total of 10 users were recruited for this study: 3 senior surgeons (group A) and 7 orthopedic residents or junior orthopedic surgeons (group B). Each user completed the simulation twice.ResultsThe user's age or previous experience with VR technology did not show any relevance. On average, the entire simulation was completed in 24'36'. Group B showed an improvement between the 2 attempts in both sessions, the preoperative settings and the surgical simulation. The number of major errors dropped from an average of 5.2 to 1.8 and from an average of 4 (maximum 6-minimum 1) to 1.4, respectively. The simulation was never interrupted because of technical bugs or adverse effects related to the technology.ConclusionsVR-based training pathways might promote a high standard of care. Our preliminary experience suggests an effective implementation of the traditional coaching process.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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