• Camille L Stewart, Ituarte Philip H G PHG Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA., Kurt A Melstrom, Susanne G Warner, Laleh G Melstrom, Lily L Lai, Yuman Fong, and Yanghee Woo.
• Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA. cstewart@coh.org.
• Surg Endosc. 2019 Aug 1; 33 (8): 2591-2601.

BackgroundRobotic surgery is offered at most major medical institutions. The extent of its use within general surgical oncology, however, is poorly understood. We hypothesized that robotic surgery adoption in surgical oncology is increasing annually, that is occurring in all surgical sites, and all regions of the US.Study DesignWe identified patients with site-specific malignancies treated with surgical resection from the National Inpatient Sample 2010-2014 databases. Operations were considered robotic if any ICD-9-CM robotic procedure code was used.ResultsWe identified 147,259 patients representing the following sites: esophageal (3%), stomach (5%), small bowel (5%), pancreas (7%), liver (5%), and colorectal (75%). Most operations were open (71%), followed by laparoscopic (26%), and robotic (3%). In 2010, only 1.1% of operations were robotic; over the 5-year study period, there was a 5.0-fold increase in robotic surgery, compared to 1.1-fold increase in laparoscopy and 1.2-fold decrease in open surgery (< 0.001). These trends were observed for all surgical sites and in all regions of the US, they were strongest for esophageal and colorectal operations, and in the Northeast. Adjusting for age and comorbidities, odds of having a robotic operation increased annually (5.6 times more likely by 2014), with similar length of stay (6.9 ± 6.5 vs 7.0 ± 6.5, p = 0.52) and rate of complications (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83-1.01, p = 0.08) compared to laparoscopy.ConclusionsRobotic surgery as a platform for minimally invasive surgery is increasing over time for oncologic operations. The growing use of robotic surgery will affect surgical oncology practice in the future, warranting further study of its impact on cost, outcomes, and surgical training.

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