• Yinxia Liu, Xiaoli Wang, and Yuedong He.
• Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
• Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Feb 26; 100 (8): e24911e24911.

RationaleVaginal leiomyoma is a rare type of leiomyoma that occurs on the wall of vagina. Treatment for vaginal leiomyoma is varied and is based on the location and size of the leiomyoma.Patient ConcernsIn this case, a 24-year-old newly married Chinese woman complained of dyspareunia. The physical examination revealed a solid mass on the anterior wall of vagina. It almost filled up the whole vagina cavity.DiagnosisTransvaginal ultrasound showed a tumor on the anterior wall of vagina. Pelvic computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also confirmed the tumor on vaginal wall. Fine needle aspiration biopsy confirmed fibrous and smooth muscle tissue in the tumor, and immunohistochemical examination found the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) were positive.Interventions6 courses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue were given before the patient underwent complete surgical resection through vagina.OutcomeNo postoperative complications occurred, and the patient was discharged from the hospital 3 days after surgery. Follow-up after 3 months revealed negative symptoms of genitourinary system. No sign of recurrence was found.ConclusionIn this case, vaginal leiomyoma was diagnosed with help of imagological examinations like ultrasound, CT, and MRI, as well as pathological examination like fine needle aspiration biopsy. Preoperative GnRH analogue treatment can ensure smooth surgical procedure, and reduce blood loss during surgery.Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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