• Aixia Sui, Huiling Song, Yitong Li, Litao Guo, Kai Wang, Mingming Yuan, and Rongrong Chen.
• Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China.
• Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Feb 26; 100 (8): e24917.

RationalePatients with lung adenocarcinoma harboring EML4-ALK rearrangements respond well to multiple ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, the tumor will invariably progress due to acquired resistance. Comprehensive genomic profiling appears to be a promising strategy to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of ALK-TKIs resistance.Patient ConcernsA patient with right lung adenocarcinoma harboring an ALK rearrangement received targeted therapy with multiple ALK-TKIs. He sought for follow-up treatment after his disease progressed again.DiagnosisThe patient had a tumor diagnosed with stage I (T1bN0M0) lung adenocarcinoma.InterventionsDue to the surgical contraindication, the patient did not undergo surgical resection. Instead, he received crizotinib as the first-line therapy with the progression-free survival of 20 months. Then he switched to alectinib treatment, however the disease rapidly progressed again.OutcomesNext-generation sequencing was performed and revealed that 7 somatic mutations were identified. Among them, 2 mutations, ALK I1171T and BRAF V600E, may be responsible for the resistance of this patient to ALK-TKIs. BRAF V600E mutation may explain the patient's resistance to lorlatinib.LessonsWe present a case of ALK-rearranged lung adenocarcinoma with acquired resistance to ALK inhibition, in which the BRAF V600E mutation is a novel resistance mechanism. This provides evidence that BRAF V600E mutation is one mechanism of ALK-TKI resistance.Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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