• Rocio Caicedo-Borrás, Adrián Díaz, Jennifer Bertha, Katherine M Silva-Jaramillo, and Gabriela Rivas Mariño.
• FUNBBASIC. Electronic address: rocio.caicedo14@gmail.com.
• Nutrition. 2021 Jul 1; 87-88: 111206.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (World Health Organization [WHO] Code) in Ecuador's two main cities, Quito and Guayaquil.MethodsThe WHO Net Code Protocol was applied. It examines compliance with the WHO Code by: (1) Interviews with health professionals and mothers of children <24 mo in randomly selected health facilities (HFs); (2) Surveillance of breastmilk substitutes (BMS) points of sale (POS); (3) Assessment of BMS labels; and (4) Mass media monitoring.ResultsMost HFs were contacted by BMS company representatives. BMS promotional materials were found in one of every four HFs. Almost 50% of health personnel knew about the WHO Code. At least 48.5% of mothers received advice on feeding their children BMS. The varied advice came from several sources. Of POS, 68% failed to comply with the WHO Code in several ways (e.g., giving gifts, promotional packaging, and informational materials) and by reducing the price of BMS. More than half of the BMS labels contained texts or images that idealized their use. More than $1 million of BMS advertising expenses were identified in the media.ConclusionThe fact that the WHO Code was violated many times in Quito and Guayaquil strengthens the need for regulatory mechanisms and for the promotion of breastfeeding by multiple sectors.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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