• Michael A Evans, Ann Monahan, Eric Abhold, John Hajduk, Eric Vu, and Santhanam Suresh.
• Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America. Electronic address: mievans@luriechildrens.org.
• J Clin Anesth. 2021 Sep 1; 72: 110314.

Study ObjectiveOur study sought to audit our institutional practice of routine single-shot caudal epidural hydromorphone injection in children undergoing congenital cardiothoracic surgery to assess perioperative pain control and evaluate for any caudal complications.DesignRetrospective observational study of all patients that received a caudal hydromorphone injection as part of the anesthetic for their cardiac surgical operation between January 2017 and July 2019.SettingPediatric Cardiothoracic Operating Room (OR), Cardiac Intensive Care Unit.PatientsOne hundred and twenty-seven patients that received caudal hydromorphone as part of their anesthetic for a cardiac surgical operation.InterventionsCaudal epidural injection performed immediately following induction of anesthesia utilizing only hydromorphone.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was well-controlled pain, defined as a score of <4/10 on rFLACC or verbal pain scoring. Secondary outcome measures included in-OR extubation, pain service duration (from first assessment to "sign-off"), complications related to the caudal block, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), and Hospital LOS.Main ResultsOne hundred and nine patients were included in the final analysis. Pain was "well-controlled" on average in 96.3% of patients (105/109). Average pain in the 24-h post-block period was 1.67 (SD = 2.37), with median pain score of 0 [0-3]. Peak pain score remained <4/10 for the entire 24-h post-block period in 22% of patients. 77.1% of caudal hydromorphone patients were extubated in the operating room. The median time to heparinization post-block was 108 min, beyond the ASRA recommendation of 60 min for neuraxial procedures. There were two caudal-related complications: one subcutaneous injection, and one instance of a time to heparinization of less than 60 min (56 min). Neither caudal complication led to patient harm.ConclusionCaudal hydromorphone injection can safely contribute to achieving "well-controlled" pain in the pediatric cardiac surgical population when used as a component of a perioperative pain control plan.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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