• Salomeh Keyhani, Raphael Falk, Tara Bishop, Elizabeth Howell, and Deborah Korenstein.
• Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA. salomeh.keyhani@ucsf.edu
• Med Care. 2012 Mar 1; 50 (3): 257-61.

ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between overuse of healthcare services and geographic variations in medical care.DesignSystematic Review.Data SourcesArticles published in Medline between 1978, the year of publication of the first framework to measure quality, and January 1, 2009.Study SelectionFour investigators screened 114,830 titles and 2 investigators screened all selected abstracts and articles for possible inclusion and extracted all data.Data ExtractionWe extracted data on rates of overuse in different geographic areas. We also extracted data on underuse, if available, for the same population in which overuse was measured.ResultsFive papers examined the relationship between geographic variations and overuse of healthcare services. One study in 2008 compared the appropriateness of coronary angiography (CA) for acute myocardial infarction in high-cost areas versus low cost areas in the Medicare population and found largely similar rates of inappropriateness (12.2% vs. 16.2%). A study in 2000 using national data concluded that overuse of CA explained little of the geographic variations in the use of this procedure in the Medicare program. An older study of Medicare patients found similar rates of inappropriate use of CA (15% to 17% vs. 18%), endoscopy (15% vs. 18% 19%), and carotid endarterectomy (29% vs. 30%) in low-use and high-use regions. A small area reanalysis of data from this study of 3 procedures found no evidence of a relationship between inappropriate use of procedures and volume in 23 adjacent counties of California. Another 2008 study found that inappropriate chemotherapy for stage I cancer was less common in low-cost areas compared with high-cost areas (3.1% vs. 6.3%).ConclusionsThe limited available evidence does not lend support to the hypothesis that inappropriate use of procedures is a major source of geographic variations in intensity and/or costs of care. More research is needed to improve our understanding of the relationship between geographic variations and the quality of care.

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