• J N Baldwin, M J McKay, M Simic, C E Hiller, N Moloney, E J Nightingale, J Burns, and 1000 Norms Project Consortium.
• Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: jennifer.baldwin@sydney.edu.au.
• Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2017 Aug 1; 25 (8): 1282-1290.

ObjectiveTo develop normative reference data for the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and KOOS-Child, as well as investigate socio-demographic, psychological and physical factors associated with knee pain and disability among healthy adults.MethodThe KOOS or KOOS-Child (each containing five subscales) was administered to participants aged 8-101 years within the 1000 Norms Project, an observational study of 1000 self-reported healthy individuals. Self-efficacy, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), lower limb alignment, knee frontal plane projection angle (FPPA), knee range of motion (ROM), knee and hip strength, six-minute walk, 30-second chair stand and timed up and down stairs tests were collected. KOOS data were dichotomised using established cut-off scores and logistic regression analyses were conducted for each subscale.ResultsSocio-demographic characteristics were similar to the Australian population. Normative reference data were generated for children (8-17 years) and adults (18-101 years). Female adults were up to twice as likely to report knee pain, symptoms and sport/recreation (Sport/Rec) limitations compared to males (P < .05). Older age, lower self-efficacy, greater BMI, varus lower limb alignment, lower knee flexion ROM and lower hip external rotation (ER) strength were independently associated with knee pain and disability among adults.ConclusionsAge- and gender-stratified reference data for the KOOS and KOOS-Child have been developed to guide interpretation of results in practice and research for individuals with knee disorders. Psychological and physical factors are linked with self-reported knee pain/disability among adults, and longitudinal studies to investigate causation are required.Copyright © 2017 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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