• C M Dresler, D L Padgett, S E MacKinnon, and G A Patterson.
• Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo, USA.
• Arch Surg Chicago. 1996 Nov 1; 131 (11): 1128-34; discussion 1135.

ObjectiveTo assess the career and practice experiences of cardiothoracic surgeons, with references to gender similarities and differences.DesignFour-step mailed 115-question survey.SubjectsAll identified women, and a cohort of men, certified by the American Board of Thoracic Surgery.Main Outcome MeasuresAcademic rank, career background, salary, perceptions and experiences of harassment or discrimination, and personal life characteristics.ResultsNo differences were found in training backgrounds. More men (64%) than women (52%) were in university practices. Comparable proportions of men and women were assistant professors (27%), but more men (27%) than women (13.6%) were full professors. Fifty-eight percent of women and 21% of men reported salaries of less than $250000; 62% of men and 32% of women had incomes over $350000. Career satisfaction was comparable between genders; however, women perceived the promotion process as unfair and unrelated to academic rank. Both genders encouraged men toward a surgical career; men were less likely than women to encourage women to pursue a surgical career (P < .01). Women, much more than men, believed that discrimination hindered their career development (P < .001). Characteristics of personal life were also considerably different between the genders.ConclusionAlthough practice and training parameters for male and female cardiothoracic surgeons are comparable, work experiences, personal life, and career rewards such as salary and promotion, and perception of discrimination are different.

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