Arch Surg Chicago
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Comparative Study
Experiences of women in cardiothoracic surgery. A gender comparison.
To assess the career and practice experiences of cardiothoracic surgeons, with references to gender similarities and differences. ⋯ Although practice and training parameters for male and female cardiothoracic surgeons are comparable, work experiences, personal life, and career rewards such as salary and promotion, and perception of discrimination are different.
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Comparative Study
Differential sensitivity to Escherichia coli infection in mice lacking tumor necrosis factor p55 or interleukin-1 p80 receptors.
To determine the effect of targeted disruption of the cellular receptors of either tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) or interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) during experimental gram-negative bacterial infection and endotoxemia. ⋯ The absence of either the TNF or the IL-1 RI receptor prevents cellular activation by each respective cytokine. Absence confers protection against intravenous endotoxin, which stimulates massive rapid release of cytokines into the systemic circulation. However, bacterial infection within the peritoneal cavity is known to cause more delayed cytokine release, and cytokines may act at the site of infection to enhance host defenses. We believe that IL-1 signaling may be more critical in provoking lethal systemic toxic effects than TNF signaling. However, TNF signaling may be an important component of host defense enhancement at the local site of infection.