• Elahe Seyed Hosseini, Narjes Riahi Kashani, Hossein Nikzad, Javid Azadbakht, Hassan Hassani Bafrani, and Hamed Haddad Kashani.
• Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Basic Sciences Research Institute, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Electronic address: elaheir.66@gmail.com.
• Virology. 2020 Dec 1; 551: 1-9.

AbstractNovel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, designated as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the February 11, 2020, is one of the highly pathogenic β-coronaviruses which infects human. Early diagnosis of COVID-19 is the most critical step to treat infection. The diagnostic tools are generally molecular methods, serology and viral culture. Recently CRISPR-based method has been investigated to diagnose and treat coronavirus infection. The emergence of 2019-nCoV during the influenza season, has led to the extensive use of antibiotics and neuraminidase enzyme inhibitors, taken orally and intravenously. Currently, antiviral inhibitors of SARS and MERS spike proteins, neuraminidase inhibitors, anti-inflammatory drugs and EK1 peptide are the available therapeutic options for SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. In addition, Chloroquine, which was previously used for malarial and autoimmune disease, has shown efficacy in the 2019-nCoV infection treatment. In severe hypoxaemia, a combination of antibiotics, α-interferon, lopinavir and mechanical ventilation can effectively mitigate the symptoms. Comprehensive knowledge on the innate and adaptive immune responses, will make it possible to propose potent antiviral drugs with their effective therapeutic measures for the prevention of viral infection. This therapeutic strategy will help patients worldwide to protect themselves against severe and fatal viral infections, that potentially can evolve and develop drug resistance, and to reduce mortality rates.Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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