• Annalisa Pulizzi, Marco Rovaris, Elda Judica, Maria Pia Sormani, Vittorio Martinelli, Giancarlo Comi, and Massimo Filippi.
• Neuroimaging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
• Arch Neurol Chicago. 2007 Aug 1; 64 (8): 1163-8.

ObjectiveTo investigate whether diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging and whole brain N-acetylaspartate (WBNAA) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy can provide complementary pieces of information to achieve a better understanding of the factors associated with disability in multiple sclerosis (MS).DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingReferral hospital-based MS center.PatientsTen healthy control subjects, 27 patients with a clinically isolated neurological syndrome, 21 patients with relapsing-remitting MS, and 29 patients with secondary progressive MS.Main Outcome MeasuresConventional and diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging, as well as WBNAA proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, of the brain was performed. T2-hyperintense lesion volumes were measured. The mean values of mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy of T2-visible lesions were computed. Histograms of MD and fractional anisotropy values were produced for normal-appearing white matter and gray matter (GM).ResultsPatients with a clinically isolated neurological syndrome had a significantly (P=.002) lower WBNAA concentration than control subjects. Patients with relapsing-remitting MS had significantly higher T2 lesion volume (P=.007), mean lesion MD (P=.003), normal-appearing white matter fractional anisotropy peak height (P=.03), and a lower WBNAA concentration (P<.001) than patients with a clinically isolated neurological syndrome. Patients with secondary progressive MS had significantly higher T2 lesion volume (P=.01), lower mean normal-appearing white matter fractional anisotropy (P=.003), higher mean GM MD (P=.004), and lower GM MD peak height (P=.01) than patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Disease duration, GM MD peak height, and WBNAA concentration entered a multivariate model, explaining nearly 70% of the disability variance.ConclusionsThe accumulation of macroscopic lesions and normal-appearing white matter damage seems to occur mainly during the earliest clinical phases of MS, whereas pathological features of GM may be a hallmark of the late progressive stage of the disease. This supports the notion of MS as a "2-stage" disease.

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