• Clara Amalie Gade Timmermann, Sofie Biering-Sørensen, Peter Aaby, Ane Baerent Fisker, Ivan Monteiro, Amabelia Rodrigues, Christine Stabell Benn, and Henrik Ravn.
• Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
• Trop. Med. Int. Health. 2015 Dec 1; 20 (12): 1733-44.

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that having a scar and a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) response after vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is associated with reduced infant mortality.MethodsWe studied cohorts of 2709 normal-birthweight (NBW) and 1102 low-birthweight (LBW) infants in Guinea-Bissau. Children were enrolled in randomised trials between year 2002 and 2008 and received BCG vaccination at birth. BCG scars and TST responses were assessed at 2 and 6 months of age. The infants were followed for mortality to 12 months of age, and survival was analysed using Cox regression.ResultsAt age 2 months, 88% of NBW children and 91% of LBW children had a BCG scar, and 36% and 17% had a TST response, respectively. The LBW infants had nearly twofold higher mortality (4.5%) than the NBW infants (2.8%) between 2 and 12 months of age. In the LBW cohort, the adjusted mortality rate ratio (MRR) comparing children with a BCG scar with those without was 0.42 (95% CI = 0.19; 0.93). There was a similar tendency for TST positivity: MRR = 0.47 (95% CI = 0.14; 1.54). For LBW children who had both a positive TST reaction and a scar, the MRR was 0.22 (95% CI = 0.05; 0.87). For NBW children, a scar and a positive TST were associated with 20% reductions in mortality, which did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionWe confirmed previous observations that having a scar and a TST response after BCG vaccination is associated with lower mortality risk. The possibility of revaccinating scar-negative children should be considered.© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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