• Jake K Nikota, Pamela Shen, Mathieu C Morissette, Kimberly Fernandes, Abraham Roos, Derek K Chu, Nicole G Barra, Yoichiro Iwakura, Roland Kolbeck, Alison A Humbles, and Martin R Stampfli.
• Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada;
• J. Immunol. 2014 Sep 15; 193 (6): 3134-45.

AbstractCigarette smoke has a broad impact on the mucosal environment with the ability to alter host defense mechanisms. Within the context of a bacterial infection, this altered host response is often accompanied by exacerbated cellular inflammation, characterized by increased neutrophilia. The current study investigated the mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment in a murine model of cigarette smoke exposure and, subsequently, a model of both cigarette smoke exposure and bacterial infection. We investigated the role of IL-1 signaling in neutrophil recruitment and found that cigarette smoke-induced neutrophilia was dependent on IL-1α produced by alveolar macrophages. In addition to being the crucial source of IL-1α, alveolar macrophages isolated from smoke-exposed mice were primed for excessive IL-1α production in response to bacterial ligands. To test the relevance of exaggerated IL-1α production in neutrophil recruitment, a model of cigarette smoke exposure and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae infection was developed. Mice exposed to cigarette smoke elaborated an exacerbated CXCR2-dependent neutrophilia in response to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Exacerbated neutrophilia was dependent on IL-1α priming of the pulmonary environment by cigarette smoke as exaggerated neutrophilia was dependent on IL-1 signaling. These data characterize a novel mechanism of cigarette smoke priming the lung mucosa toward greater IL-1-driven neutrophilic responses to bacteria, with a central role for the alveolar macrophage in this process. Copyright © 2014 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.

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