• Bert-Ram Sah, Paul Stolzmann, Gaspar Delso, Scott D Wollenweber, Martin Hüllner, Yahya A Hakami, Marcelo A Queiroz, Felipe de Galiza Barbosa, Gustav K von Schulthess, Carsten Pietsch, and Patrick Veit-Haibach.
• Departments of aNuclear Medicine bDiagnostic and Interventional Radiology cNeuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich dUniversity of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ePET Clinical Science, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA.
• Nucl Med Commun. 2017 Jan 1; 38 (1): 57-66.

PurposeTo investigate the clinical performance of a block sequential regularized expectation maximization (BSREM) penalized likelihood reconstruction algorithm in oncologic PET/computed tomography (CT) studies.MethodsA total of 410 reconstructions of 41 fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/CT studies of 41 patients with a total of 2010 lesions were analyzed by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians. Images were reconstructed with BSREM (with four different β values) or ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm with/without time-of-flight (TOF/non-TOF) corrections. OSEM reconstruction postfiltering was 4.0 mm full-width at half-maximum; BSREM did not use postfiltering. Evaluation of general image quality was performed with a five-point scale using maximum intensity projections. Artifacts (category 1), image sharpness (category 2), noise (category 3), and lesion detectability (category 4) were analyzed using a four-point scale. Size and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of lesions were measured by a third reader not involved in the image evaluation.ResultsBSREM-TOF reconstructions showed the best results in all categories, independent of different body compartments. In all categories, BSREM non-TOF reconstructions were significantly better than OSEM non-TOF reconstructions (P<0.001). In almost all categories, BSREM non-TOF reconstruction was comparable to or better than the OSEM-TOF algorithm (P<0.001 for general image quality, image sharpness, noise, and P=1.0 for artifact). Only in lesion detectability was OSEM-TOF significantly better than BSREM non-TOF (P<0.001). Both BSREM-TOF and BSREM non-TOF showed a decreasing SUVmax with increasing β values (P<0.001) and TOF reconstructions showed a significantly higher SUVmax than non-TOF reconstructions (P<0.001).ConclusionThe BSREM reconstruction algorithm showed a relevant improvement compared with OSEM reconstruction in PET/CT studies in all evaluated categories. BSREM might be used in clinical routine in conjunction with TOF to achieve better/higher image quality and lesion detectability or in PET/CT-systems without TOF-capability for enhancement of overall image quality as well.

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