• Jolanta Rabe-Jabłońska and Adam Miller.
• Z Kliniki Zaburzeń Afektywnych i Psychiatrii Młodziezy Katedry Psychiatrii Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lodzi.
• Psychiatr Pol. 2005 Jan 1; 39 (1): 7-20.

AbstractThe authors present the review of basic knowledge about aetiological mechanisms of painful symptoms, especially chronic pain and give a detailed description of links between pain and depression (psychologic, biological). Depressive disorders and chronic pain often coexist. Data of studies show that 30-84% of patients with depression have chronic painful symptoms. In the course of depression various kinds of pain occur. Presently we know at least five kinds of links between depression and pain: 1) depression appeared prior to the start of pain, 2) depression is a consequence of chronic pain and stress, 3) depressive episodes cause an increase of risk of next affective episodes in patients with chronic pain, 4) psychologic factors play an important role in the development of depressive symptoms, 5) altered balance between noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways and disregulation of other neurotransmitter systems (cholinergic, GABA-ergic, dopaminergic) and neuropeptides may cause chronic pain and depressive disorder.

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