• Brian L Rostron, Catherine G Corey, Joanne T Chang, Dana M van Bemmel, Mollie E Miller, and Cindy M Chang.
• Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland. brian.rostron@fda.hhs.gov.
• Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2019 Sep 1; 28 (9): 1443-1453.

BackgroundThe dose-response relationships between number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and health outcomes, such as cancer and heart disease, are well established, but much less is known about the relationships between CPD and biomarkers of exposure.MethodsWe analyzed biomarker data by CPD from more than 2,700 adult daily cigarette smokers in Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Tobacco use categories consisted of exclusive cigarette smokers, dual cigarette and e-cigarette users, and dual cigarette and smokeless tobacco users.ResultsBiomarker concentrations consistently increased with CPD for each tobacco user group, although concentrations tended to level off at high smoking levels, such as those at and above 20 CPD. Dual cigarette and e-cigarette users had higher levels of some biomarkers such as Total Nicotine Equivalents-2 (P = 0.0036) than exclusive cigarette smokers, and dual cigarette and smokeless tobacco users had higher levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (P < 0.0001) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (P = 0.0236) than exclusive cigarette smokers.ConclusionsAmong daily smokers, exposure to tobacco toxicants and constituents exhibits a dose-response relationship by number of cigarettes smoked, but the relationship is not necessarily linear in form. Dual users of cigarettes with either e-cigarettes or smokeless tobacco are exposed to higher levels of certain toxicants and carcinogens than exclusive cigarette smokers.ImpactAvailability of biomarker data by CPD may aid in comparisons between cigarette smoking and use of new and potentially reduced exposure tobacco products, which may result in different levels of constituent and toxicant exposure.©2019 American Association for Cancer Research.

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