• Susannah E Nicholson, David M Burmeister, Taylor R Johnson, Yi Zou, Zhao Lai, Shannon Scroggins, Mark DeRosa, Rachelle B Jonas, Daniel R Merrill, Caroline Zhu, Larry M Newton, Ronald M Stewart, Martin G Schwacha, Donald H Jenkins, and Brian J Eastridge.
• From the Department of Surgery (S.E.N., T.R.J., S.S., M.D.R., R.B.J., D.R.M., C.Z., L.M.N., R.M.S., M.G.S., D.H.J., B.J.E.), UT Health San Antonio; Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute (Y.Z., Z.L.), Department of Molecular Medicine (Z.L.), UT Health San Antonio; and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (D.M.B.), Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas.
• J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019 Apr 1; 86 (4): 573-582.

BackgroundTraumatic injury can lead to a compromised intestinal epithelial barrier and inflammation. While alterations in the gut microbiome of critically injured patients may influence clinical outcomes, the impact of trauma on gut microbial composition is unknown. Our objective was to determine if the gut microbiome is altered in severely injured patients and begin to characterize changes in the gut microbiome due to time and therapeutic intervention.MethodsWe conducted a prospective, observational study in adult patients (n = 72) sustaining severe injury admitted to a Level I Trauma Center. Healthy volunteers (n = 13) were also examined. Fecal specimens were collected on admission to the emergency department and at 3, 7, 10, and 13 days (±2 days) following injury. Microbial DNA was isolated for 16s rRNA sequencing, and α and β diversities were estimated, according to taxonomic classification against the Greengenes database.ResultsThe gut microbiome of trauma patients was altered on admission (i.e., within 30 minutes following injury) compared to healthy volunteers. Patients with an unchanged gut microbiome on admission were transfused more RBCs than those with an altered gut microbiome (p < 0.001). Although the gut microbiome started to return to a β-diversity profile similar to that of healthy volunteers over time, it remained different from healthy controls. Alternatively, α diversity initially increased postinjury, but subsequently decreased during the hospitalization. Injured patients on admission had a decreased abundance of traditionally beneficial microbial phyla (e.g., Firmicutes) with a concomitant decrease in opportunistic phyla (e.g., Proteobacteria) compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Large amounts of blood products and RBCs were both associated with higher α diversity (p < 0.001) and a β diversity clustering closer to healthy controls.ConclusionThe human gut microbiome changes early after trauma and may be aided by early massive transfusion. Ultimately, the gut microbiome of trauma patients may provide valuable diagnostic and therapeutic insight for the improvement of outcomes postinjury.Level Of EvidencePrognostic and Epidemiological, level III.

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