• Yuri Y M Aung, David C S Wong, and Daniel S W Ting.
• Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
• Br. Med. Bull. 2021 Sep 10; 139 (1): 4-15.

IntroductionArtificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are rapidly evolving fields in various sectors, including healthcare. This article reviews AI's present applications in healthcare, including its benefits, limitations and future scope.Sources Of DataA review of the English literature was conducted with search terms 'AI' or 'ML' or 'deep learning' and 'healthcare' or 'medicine' using PubMED and Google Scholar from 2000-2021.Areas Of AgreementAI could transform physician workflow and patient care through its applications, from assisting physicians and replacing administrative tasks to augmenting medical knowledge.Areas Of ControversyFrom challenges training ML systems to unclear accountability, AI's implementation is difficult and incremental at best. Physicians also lack understanding of what AI implementation could represent.Growing PointsAI can ultimately prove beneficial in healthcare, but requires meticulous governance similar to the governance of physician conduct.Areas Timely For Developing ResearchRegulatory guidelines are needed on how to safely implement and assess AI technology, alongside further research into the specific capabilities and limitations of its medical use.© Crown copyright 2021.

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