• Jonathan E Blohm, Pedro Aguilar Salinas, Mauricio J Avila, Samuel R Barber, Martin E Weinand, and Travis M Dumont.
• University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
• World Neurosurg. 2022 May 1; 161: 111-122.

BackgroundThe use of three-dimensional (3D) printing in neurosurgery has become more prominent in recent years for surgical training, preoperative planning, and patient education. Several smaller studies are available using 3D printing; however, there is a lack of a concise review. This article provides a systematic review of 3D models in use by neurosurgical residents, with emphasis on training, learning, and simulation.MethodsA structured literature search of PubMed and Embase was conducted using PRISMA guidelines to identify publications specific to 3D models trialed on neurosurgical residents. Criteria for eligibility included articles discussing only neurosurgery, 3D models in neurosurgery, and models specifically tested or trialed on residents.ResultsOverall, 40 articles were identified that met inclusion criteria. These studies encompassed different neurosurgical areas including aneurysm, spine, craniosynostosis, transsphenoidal, craniotomy, skull base, and tumor. Most articles were related to brain surgery. Of these studies, vascular surgery had the highest overall, with 13 of 40 articles, which include aneurysm clipping and other neurovascular surgeries. Twenty-two articles discussed cranial plus tumor surgeries, which included skull base, craniotomy, craniosynostosis, and transsphenoidal. Five studies were specific to spine surgery. Subjective outcome measures of neurosurgical residents were most commonly implemented, of which results were almost unanimously positive.Conclusions3D printing technology is rapidly expanding in health care and neurosurgery in particular. The technology is quickly improving, and several studies have shown the effectiveness of 3D printing for neurosurgical residency education and training.Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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