• Siril T Holmberg, Olav M S Fredheim, Svetlana Skurtveit, Øyvind O Salvesen, Øystein P Nygaard, Agnete M Gulati, Tore K Solberg, and Sasha Gulati.
• Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
• Spine. 2022 Apr 15; 47 (8): 607-614.

Study DesignProspective pharmacoepidemiological study.ObjectiveTo investigate the use of prescription opioids 2 years following degenerative lumbar spine surgery.Summary Of Background DataThere are limited data providing details to evaluate patterns of opioid use. The number of patients is often limited and data on opioid use following some of the most common surgical procedures are lacking.MethodsData from the Norwegian Registry for Spine Surgery and the Norwegian Prescription Database were linked on an individual level. The primary outcome measure was persistent opioid use the second year after surgery. Functional disabilitywas measured with the Oswestry disability index (ODI). Study participants were operated between 2007 and 2017.ResultsAmong 32,886 study participants, 2754 (8.4%) met criteria for persistent opioid use the second year after surgery. Among persistent opioid users in the second year after surgery, 64% met the criteria for persistent opioid use the year preceding surgery. Persistent opioid use the year preceding surgery (odds ratio [OR] 31.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 26.9-36.0, P  = 0.001), use of high doses of benzodiazepines (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.30-2.04, P  = 0.001), and use of high doses of z-hypnotics (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.58-2.22, P  = 0.001) the year before surgery were associated with increased risk of persistent opioid use the second year after surgery. A higher ODI score at 1 year was observed in persistent opioid users compared with non-persistent users (41.5 vs. 18.8 points) and there was a significant difference in ODI change (-13.7 points). Patients with persistent opioid use in the year preceding surgery were less likely to achieve a minimal clinically important ODI change at 1 year compared with non-persistent users (37.7% vs. 52.6%, P  = 0.001).ConclusionPatients with or at risk of developing persistent opioid should be identified and provided counseling and support to taper off opioid treatment.Level of Evidence: 2.Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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