• Lisa A Calder, Eileen M Whyte, Heather K Neilson, Cathy Zhang, Tricia K Barry, and Sean P Barry.
• Department of Medical Care Analytics, Canadian Medical Protective Association, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
• Spine. 2022 Jun 1; 47 (11): E469E476E469-E476.

Study DesignRetrospective descriptive study.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe closed medicolegal cases involving physicians and spine surgery in Canada from a trend and patient safety perspective.Summary Of Background DataSpine surgery is a source of medicolegal complaints against surgeons partly owing to the potential severity of associated complications. In previous medicolegal studies, researchers applied a medicolegal lens to their analyses without applying a quality improvement or patient safety lens.MethodsThe study comprised a 15-year medicolegal trend analysis and a 5-year contributing factors analysis of cases (civil legal and regulatory authority matters) from the Canadian Medical Protective Association (CMPA), representing an estimated 95% of physicians in Canada. Included cases were closed by the CMPA between 2004 and 2018 (trends) or 2014 and 2018 (contributing factors). We fit a linear trend line to the annual rates of spine surgery cases per 1000 physician-years of CMPA membership for physicians in a neurosurgery or orthopedic surgery specialty. We then applied an ANOVA type III sum of squares test to determine the statistical significance of the annualized change rate over time. For the contributing factors analysis, we reported descriptive statistics for patient and physician characteristics, patient harm, and peer expert criticisms in each case.ResultsOur trend analysis included 340 cases. Case rates decreased significantly at an annualized change rate of -4.7% (P  = 0.0017). Our contributing factors analysis included 81 civil legal and 19 regulatory authority cases. Most patients experienced health care-related harm (89/100, 89.0%). Peer experts identified intraoperative injuries (29/89, 32.6%), diagnostic errors (14/89, 15.7%), and wrong site surgeries (16/89, 18.0%) as the top patient safety indicators. The top factor contributing to medicolegal risk was physician clinical decision-making.Conclusion And RelevanceAlthough case rates decreased, patient harm was attributable to health care in the majority of recently closed cases. Therefore, crucial opportunities remain to enhance patient safety in spine surgery.Level of Evidence: 4.Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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