• Christine Girges, Nirosen Vijiaratnam, Ludvic Zrinzo, Jinendra Ekanayake, and Thomas Foltynie.
• Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
• Neuromodulation. 2022 Dec 1; 25 (8): 118711961187-1196.

BackgroundNeurofeedback training is a closed-loop neuromodulatory technique in which real-time feedback of brain activity and connectivity is provided to the participant for the purpose of volitional neural control. Through practice and reinforcement, such learning has been shown to facilitate measurable changes in brain function and behavior.ObjectivesIn this review, we examine how neurofeedback, coupled with motor imagery training, has the potential to improve or normalize motor function in neurological diseases such as Parkinson disease and chronic stroke. We will also explore neurofeedback in the context of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), discussing both noninvasive and invasive methods which have been used to power external devices (eg, robot hand orthosis or exoskeleton) in the context of motor neurorehabilitation.ConclusionsThe published literature provides mounting high-quality evidence that neurofeedback and BMI control may lead to clinically relevant changes in brain function and behavior.Copyright © 2022 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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