• Hacker TeperMatthewMhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-8764-0777Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. Matthew.HackerTeper@mail.utoronto.ca., Nikki Naghavi, Laura Pozzobon, Daniel Lee, Camilla Parpia, and Ahmed Taher.
• Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. Matthew.HackerTeper@mail.utoronto.ca.
• CJEM. 2022 Apr 1; 24 (3): 300-312.

IntroductionEscalation of care is the timely recognition and communication of deterioration in a previously stable patient. Delays in escalating care may lead to unnecessary patient morbidity and mortality. There is currently a paucity of synthesis of work focused on the initiation of escalation of care in the emergency department (ED), where unique challenges may be present. We sought to complete a scoping review to investigate: (1) factors (barriers and/or facilitators) affecting clinicians in escalating care in the ED; and (2) tools that support clinicians in ED escalation of care processes.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review guided by the Arksey & O'Malley framework, and in accordance with PRISMA Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL on November 30th, 2020. Extracted data was analyzed via qualitative content analysis. Review and data abstraction were completed by two independent reviewers. Discrepancies were resolved via consensus meetings with a third reviewer.ResultsOf the 4527 unique records identified, 13 studies met our inclusion criteria. Studies described standard escalation practices including detection, reporting, and response. Factors influencing escalation of care were described on individual (confidence, comfort, and expertise), interpersonal (communication and the nurse-physician relationship), organizational (workload and staffing), and environmental (distractions and layout) levels. Four ED-specific tools for escalation of care were also identified.ConclusionThis scoping review identified 13 studies that contained information on processes, factors influencing and/or tools used to facilitate escalation of care in the ED. They may serve as valuable starting points for ED clinicians and administrators who are building or reforming local escalation of care processes.© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP)/ Association Canadienne de Médecine d'Urgence (ACMU).

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